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系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)（英文版·原書第10版） 
定 價(jià)：139 元 叢書名：經(jīng)典原版書庫
9 7 6 8 6 7 3 1 2 1 8 1 7 
本書是一本的系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)教材，自1988年首次出版以來，很快就被許多國家和地區(qū)的高等院校選為教科書，幾經(jīng)更新和完善，目前已經(jīng)更新到第10版。作者結(jié)合長期的教學(xué)和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)分別介紹了系統(tǒng)分析基礎(chǔ)、信息需求分析方法、分析過程、設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)、質(zhì)量保證與實(shí)現(xiàn)。
第一部分 系統(tǒng)分析基礎(chǔ)
第1章 系統(tǒng)、角色和開發(fā)方法 1 系統(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì)的必要性 2 系統(tǒng)分析員的角色 2 系統(tǒng)分析員作為顧問 2 系統(tǒng)分析員作為支持專家 3 系統(tǒng)分析員作為變更代理 3 系統(tǒng)分析員的品質(zhì) 4 系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生命周期 4 標(biāo)識(shí)問題、機(jī)會(huì)和目標(biāo) 5 確定人的信息需求 5 分析系統(tǒng)需求 6 設(shè)計(jì)推薦的系統(tǒng) 6 軟件開發(fā)和編檔 7 系統(tǒng)測試和維護(hù) 7 系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)和評(píng)估 7 維護(hù)的影響 7 使用CASE工具 8 敏捷方法 10 調(diào)研 10 規(guī)劃 11 對(duì)第一次發(fā)布的迭代 12 產(chǎn)品化 12 維護(hù) 12 面向?qū)ο蟮南到y(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì) 12 面向?qū)ο笈cSDLC的相似性 12 選擇使用哪種系統(tǒng)開發(fā)方法 14 開發(fā)開源軟件 15 組織為什么要參與開源社區(qū) 15 分析員在開源軟件中的作用 15 小結(jié) 16 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 17 復(fù)習(xí)題 17 參考資料 18 第2章 了解組織系統(tǒng)及組織系統(tǒng)建模 19 組織作為系統(tǒng) 20 系統(tǒng)的相互關(guān)聯(lián)和相互依賴 20 虛擬組織和虛擬團(tuán)隊(duì) 21 采取系統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn) 22 企業(yè)系統(tǒng)：視組織為系統(tǒng) 22 系統(tǒng)的圖形化描述方法 24 系統(tǒng)和上下文級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)流圖 24 系統(tǒng)和實(shí)體–關(guān)系模型 25 用例建模 30 用例符號(hào) 31 用例關(guān)系 32 開發(fā)系統(tǒng)的范圍 33 開發(fā)用例圖 33 開發(fā)用例場景 34 用例級(jí)別 35 創(chuàng)建用例描述 38 為什么用例圖是有益的 39 管理的層次 39 對(duì)信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的意義 40 協(xié)同設(shè)計(jì) 41 組織文化 42 技術(shù)對(duì)文化的影響 42 小結(jié) 43 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 44 復(fù)習(xí)題 44 問題 45 小組項(xiàng)目 46 參考資料 47 第3章 項(xiàng)目管理 48 項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng) 49 組織內(nèi)的問題 49 定義問題 49 選擇項(xiàng)目 53 確定可行性 54 判斷可能性 54 估計(jì)工作負(fù)荷 55 確定硬件和軟件需求 56 盤點(diǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)硬件 56 評(píng)估計(jì)算機(jī)硬件采購 58 租用云服務(wù)的時(shí)間和空間 58 評(píng)估廠商對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)硬件的支持 60 理解“自帶設(shè)備”方案 60 創(chuàng)建定制軟件 61 購買COTS軟件 62 使用SaaS提供商的服務(wù) 63 評(píng)估廠商對(duì)軟件的支持和SaaS 64 成本與效益的識(shí)別、預(yù)測和比較 65 預(yù)測 65 識(shí)別效益和成本 65 成本效益比較 67 時(shí)間和活動(dòng)的管理 68 工作分解結(jié)構(gòu) 68 時(shí)間估計(jì)技術(shù) 69 項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度安排 71 使用甘特圖進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目調(diào)度 72 使用PERT圖 73 項(xiàng)目控制 76 估計(jì)成本和準(zhǔn)備預(yù)算 76 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 78 使用加速法管理時(shí)間 79 使用掙值管理法控制成本 80 管理項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì) 84 組建團(tuán)隊(duì) 84 團(tuán)隊(duì)管理的溝通策略 84 設(shè)置項(xiàng)目生產(chǎn)率目標(biāo) 86 激勵(lì)項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)成員 86 管理電子商務(wù)項(xiàng)目 86 制定項(xiàng)目章程 87 系統(tǒng)建議 87 系統(tǒng)建議包含的內(nèi)容 87 使用插圖進(jìn)行有效溝通 89 小結(jié) 92 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 93 復(fù)習(xí)題 94 問題 94 小組項(xiàng)目 99 參考資料 100 第二部分 信息需求分析 第4章 信息收集：交互式方法 103 面談 104 面談準(zhǔn)備的5個(gè)步驟 104 問題類型 105 按邏輯順序安排問題 107 書寫面談報(bào)告 110 聽故事 110 故事由要素構(gòu)成 111 講故事的原因 112 聯(lián)合應(yīng)用設(shè)計(jì) 113 支持使用JAD的條件 113 涉及的人 113 召開JAD會(huì)議的地點(diǎn) 114 完成項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)的結(jié)構(gòu)化分析 115 用JAD代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)面談的潛在優(yōu)點(diǎn) 115 使用JAD的潛在缺點(diǎn) 115 使用問卷調(diào)查表 115 規(guī)劃問卷調(diào)查表的使用 116 寫下問題 117 設(shè)計(jì)問卷調(diào)查表 122 整理問卷調(diào)查表 123 小結(jié) 125 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 126 復(fù)習(xí)題 127 問題 127 小組項(xiàng)目 130 參考資料 131 第5章 信息收集：非干擾性方法 132 采樣 133 采樣的必要性 133 采樣設(shè)計(jì) 133 決定采樣規(guī)模 135 定量文檔分析 137 系統(tǒng)分析定量文檔 137 定性文檔分析 141 系統(tǒng)分析定性文檔 141 使用文本分析功能 143 觀察決策者的行為 143 觀察典型的經(jīng)理決策活動(dòng) 144 觀察物理環(huán)境 145 結(jié)構(gòu)化環(huán)境觀察（STROBE） 145 應(yīng)用STROBE方法 147 小結(jié) 147 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 149 復(fù)習(xí)題 149 問題 149 小組項(xiàng)目 151 參考資料 151 第6章 敏捷建模、原型化方法和Scrum 153 原型化方法 154 原型的種類 154 用戶在原型化方法中的角色 156 敏捷建模 156 敏捷建模的價(jià)值和原則 156 敏捷建模的活動(dòng)、資源和實(shí)踐 159 敏捷開發(fā)過程 163 Scrum 165 Scrum中的角色 166 產(chǎn)品待辦列表 167 Sprint周期 167 Scrum其他獨(dú)有的特征 168 看板 170 Scrum的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn) 171 DevOps：app開發(fā)的文化轉(zhuǎn)變 172 敏捷建模與結(jié)構(gòu)化方法的比較 173 從敏捷建模中吸取的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn) 173 改進(jìn)知識(shí)方面的工作效率：SDLC與敏捷 174 組織革新固有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 177 小結(jié) 180 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 180 復(fù)習(xí)題 181 問題 181 小組項(xiàng)目 183 參考資料 183 第三部分 分析過程 第7章 使用數(shù)據(jù)流圖 185 需求確定的數(shù)據(jù)流方法 186 數(shù)據(jù)流圖的使用規(guī)范 186 開發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)流圖 187 創(chuàng)建上下文圖 187 畫0層圖（上下文圖的下一層） 188 創(chuàng)建子圖（更詳細(xì)的圖層） 190 檢查數(shù)據(jù)流圖中的錯(cuò)誤 190 邏輯數(shù)據(jù)流圖和物理數(shù)據(jù)流圖 192 開發(fā)邏輯數(shù)據(jù)流圖 195 開發(fā)物理數(shù)據(jù)流圖 196 分割數(shù)據(jù)流圖 198 數(shù)據(jù)流圖實(shí)例 200 開發(fā)業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)列表 201 創(chuàng)建上下文級(jí)數(shù)據(jù)流圖 201 繪制0層圖 201 創(chuàng)建子圖 202 根據(jù)邏輯DFD創(chuàng)建物理數(shù)據(jù)流圖 202 分割物理DFD 204 分割Web站點(diǎn) 206 使用數(shù)據(jù)流圖進(jìn)行溝通 207 小結(jié) 210 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 211 復(fù)習(xí)題 211 問題 211 小組項(xiàng)目 213 參考資料 214 第8章 使用數(shù)據(jù)字典分析系統(tǒng) 215 數(shù)據(jù)字典 216 了解數(shù)據(jù)字典的必要性 216 數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)庫 216 定義數(shù)據(jù)流 217 描述數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) 218 邏輯數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和物理數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) 219 數(shù)據(jù)元素 221 數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ) 224 創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)字典 225 分析輸入和輸出 225 開發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ) 226 使用數(shù)據(jù)字典 228 使用數(shù)據(jù)字典創(chuàng)建XML 230 XML文檔類型定義 232 XML 模式 233 小結(jié) 234 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 235 復(fù)習(xí)題 235 問題 235 小組項(xiàng)目 237 參考資料 237 第9章 過程規(guī)范和結(jié)構(gòu)化決策 239 過程規(guī)范概述 240 過程規(guī)范格式 241 結(jié)構(gòu)化英語 242 編寫結(jié)構(gòu)化英語 242 數(shù)據(jù)字典和過程規(guī)范 245 決策表 246 開發(fā)決策表 248 核驗(yàn)完備性和正確性 250 決策樹 252 畫決策樹 252 選擇一種結(jié)構(gòu)化決策分析技術(shù) 254 小結(jié) 254 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 255 復(fù)習(xí)題 255 問題 255 小組項(xiàng)目 257 參考資料 258 第10章 基于UML的面向?qū)ο笙到y(tǒng)分析與設(shè)計(jì) 259 面向?qū)ο蟾拍? 260 對(duì)象 260 類 260 繼承 261 CRC卡片和對(duì)象 262 CRC會(huì)話期間的交互 264 統(tǒng)一建模語言概念和圖 264 用例建模 267 活動(dòng)圖 269 創(chuàng)建活動(dòng)圖 271 活動(dòng)圖的存儲(chǔ)庫條目 272 順序圖和通信圖 273 順序圖 273 通信圖 275 類圖 276 方法重載 277 類的類型 277 定義消息和方法 278 增強(qiáng)順序圖 278 Web類實(shí)例 279 順序圖中的表示層、業(yè)務(wù)層和持久層 281 增強(qiáng)類圖 281 關(guān)系 282 泛型/特型圖 285 狀態(tài)圖 288 狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移實(shí)例 289 包和其他UML制品 290 UML實(shí)踐 292 使用UML進(jìn)行建模的重要性 294 小結(jié) 295 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 296 復(fù)習(xí)題 297 問題 297 參考資料 298 第四部分 設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ) 第11章 設(shè)計(jì)有效的輸出 299 輸出設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo) 300 設(shè)計(jì)滿足預(yù)定目標(biāo)的輸出 300 設(shè)計(jì)適合用戶的輸出 300 交付合適的輸出數(shù)量 300 確保輸出的必要性 300 按時(shí)提供輸出 300 選用正確的輸出方法 301 將輸出內(nèi)容與輸出方式聯(lián)系起來 301 輸出技術(shù) 301 選擇輸出技術(shù)所要考慮的因素 301 認(rèn)識(shí)到輸出偏差對(duì)用戶的影響 306 識(shí)別輸出使用方式所帶來的偏差 306 在設(shè)計(jì)輸出時(shí)應(yīng)避免偏差 307 設(shè)計(jì)打印輸出 307 設(shè)計(jì)屏幕輸出 308 屏幕設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)原則 308 在屏幕設(shè)計(jì)中使用圖形輸出 311 儀表板 311 信息圖 313 設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)站 313 響應(yīng)式Web設(shè)計(jì) 313 扁平化Web設(shè)計(jì) 315 網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)的一般準(zhǔn)則 315 網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)的特定準(zhǔn)則 317 Web 2.0技術(shù) 320 社交媒體設(shè)計(jì) 322 社交媒體設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則 322 設(shè)計(jì)智能電話和平板電腦的app 323 建立開發(fā)者賬號(hào) 324 選擇開發(fā)過程 324 原創(chuàng)性 324 決定如何給app定價(jià) 325 遵守設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則 326 設(shè)計(jì)圖標(biāo) 326 為app選擇合適的名稱 326 設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)適用于各種設(shè)備 326 設(shè)計(jì)app的輸出 326 針對(duì)不同的方向再次設(shè)計(jì)輸出 327 分享設(shè)計(jì)原型 327 app的邏輯設(shè)計(jì) 327 移動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì) 327 創(chuàng)建使用手勢的用戶界面 327 保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán) 327 銷售app 328 輸出生產(chǎn)和XML 328 Ajax 330 小結(jié) 330 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 331 復(fù)習(xí)題 331 問題 332 小組項(xiàng)目 335 參考資料 336 第12章 設(shè)計(jì)有效的輸入 337 良好的表單設(shè)計(jì) 338 使得表單易于填寫 338 達(dá)到預(yù)定的目的 341 確保準(zhǔn)確填寫表單 341 設(shè)計(jì)的表單要有吸引力 341 控制業(yè)務(wù)表單 341 良好的屏幕和Web窗體設(shè)計(jì) 342 保持屏幕簡潔 342 保持屏幕的一致性 343 方便用戶在屏幕間移動(dòng) 343 設(shè)計(jì)有吸引力且令人愉快的屏幕 343 在屏幕設(shè)計(jì)中使用圖標(biāo) 343 圖形用戶界面設(shè)計(jì) 345 窗體控件和值 347 隱藏字段 347 事件響應(yīng)圖 348 動(dòng)態(tài)Web頁 348 三維Web頁 350 Ajax 351 在屏幕設(shè)計(jì)中使用色彩 352 網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì) 352 小結(jié) 354 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 355 復(fù)習(xí)題 356 問題 356 小組項(xiàng)目 359 參考資料 359 第13章 數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計(jì) 361 數(shù)據(jù)庫 362 數(shù)據(jù)概念 363 現(xiàn)實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)和元數(shù)據(jù) 363 文件 368 關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫 370 規(guī)范化 372 規(guī)范化的3個(gè)步驟 372 規(guī)范化實(shí)例 372 使用實(shí)體–關(guān)系圖確定記錄鍵 380 一對(duì)多關(guān)系 381 多對(duì)多關(guān)系 381 主文件/數(shù)據(jù)庫關(guān)系設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則 382 完整性約束 382 異常 383 使用數(shù)據(jù)庫 384 檢索和顯示數(shù)據(jù)的步驟 384 反規(guī)范化 384 數(shù)據(jù)倉庫 386 聯(lián)機(jī)分析處理 388 數(shù)據(jù)挖掘 388 商業(yè)智能 390 數(shù)據(jù)分析 391 區(qū)塊鏈 392 小結(jié) 394 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 395 復(fù)習(xí)題 396 問題 396 小組項(xiàng)目 398 參考資料 398 第14章 人機(jī)交互與UX設(shè)計(jì) 400 理解人機(jī)交互 401 相互配合怎樣影響績效和幸福感 401 可用性 402 設(shè)計(jì)個(gè)體用戶的認(rèn)知風(fēng)格 403 HCI設(shè)計(jì)中的物理因素 403 考慮人的缺陷、殘障而加以設(shè)計(jì) 404 實(shí)施良好的HCI實(shí)踐 404 用戶界面的類型 405 自然語言界面 406 問答式界面 406 菜單 406 填充式窗體界面 407 選擇和評(píng)估界面 408 UX設(shè)計(jì) 408 推動(dòng)出色的UX設(shè)計(jì)的5個(gè)行為 409 UX設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)避免的5個(gè)行為 410 UX設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則：電子商務(wù)示例 411 UX設(shè)計(jì)的益處 411 設(shè)計(jì)智能手機(jī)和平板電腦的界面 412 手勢 412 警報(bào)、通知和查詢 413 徽章 414 智能個(gè)人助理的設(shè)計(jì) 414 虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)和增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)設(shè)計(jì) 415 對(duì)話設(shè)計(jì)的指導(dǎo)原則 415 有意義的交流 416 最小化用戶操作 417 操作的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和一致性 418 用戶反饋 419 反饋的類型 419 在系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中包含反饋 420 電子商務(wù)的特殊設(shè)計(jì)因素 421 獲得電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站客戶的反饋 421 輕松導(dǎo)航電子商務(wù)網(wǎng)站 423 Mashup 424 查詢?cè)O(shè)計(jì) 424 查詢類型 424 查詢方法 427 小結(jié) 430 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 430 復(fù)習(xí)題 431 問題 432 小組項(xiàng)目 433 參考資料 434 第五部分 質(zhì)量保證和實(shí)現(xiàn) 第15章 設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)據(jù)輸入規(guī)范 435 有效編碼 436 記錄某些事物 436 分類信息 437 隱藏信息 439 揭示信息 439 請(qǐng)求相應(yīng)的處理 441 編碼的一般指導(dǎo)原則 441 有效及高效的數(shù)據(jù)獲取 444 決定要獲取什么樣的數(shù)據(jù) 445 讓計(jì)算機(jī)完成其余的事情 445 避免瓶頸和額外步驟 446 從一個(gè)好的表單開始 446 選擇一種數(shù)據(jù)輸入方法 446 通過輸入驗(yàn)證保證數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量 449 輸入事務(wù)有效性驗(yàn)證 450 輸入數(shù)據(jù)有效性驗(yàn)證 452 驗(yàn)證過程 454 電子商務(wù)環(huán)境中的數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確性優(yōu)勢 455 客戶自己鍵入數(shù)據(jù) 455 保存數(shù)據(jù)以備后用 455 通過訂單履行流程使用數(shù)據(jù) 455 向客戶提供反饋信息 456 小結(jié) 456 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 457 復(fù)習(xí)題 457 問題 458 小組項(xiàng)目 460 參考資料 460 第16章 質(zhì)量保證和實(shí)施 462 全面質(zhì)量管理方法 463 六西格瑪 463 全面質(zhì)量管理的責(zé)任 463 結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)演 464 自頂向下的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)與開發(fā) 465 使用結(jié)構(gòu)圖設(shè)計(jì)模塊化系統(tǒng) 467 面向服務(wù)的架構(gòu) 468 編檔方法 470 程序操作手冊(cè) 470 民間故事法 470 選擇一種設(shè)計(jì)和編檔技術(shù) 472 測試、維護(hù)和審計(jì) 473 測試過程 473 維護(hù)實(shí)踐 476 審計(jì) 476 實(shí)現(xiàn)分布式系統(tǒng) 476 客戶/服務(wù)器技術(shù) 477 云計(jì)算 478 網(wǎng)絡(luò)建模 481 用戶培訓(xùn) 484 培訓(xùn)策略 484 培訓(xùn)的指導(dǎo)原則 485 轉(zhuǎn)換到新系統(tǒng) 487 轉(zhuǎn)換策略 487 轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)應(yīng)考慮的其他因素 488 組織隱喻及其與成功的系統(tǒng)的關(guān)系 488 傳統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)和基于Web的系統(tǒng)的安全 考慮 489 物理安全性 489 邏輯安全性 490 行為安全性 490 電子商務(wù)的特別安全注意事項(xiàng) 491 電子商務(wù)的隱私注意事項(xiàng) 491 災(zāi)害恢復(fù)規(guī)劃 492 評(píng)估 494 評(píng)估方法 494 信息系統(tǒng)效用方法 494 評(píng)估公司的Web站點(diǎn) 496 小結(jié) 497 關(guān)鍵字和詞組 498 復(fù)習(xí)題 499 問題 500 小組項(xiàng)目 502 參考資料 502 術(shù)語表 503 縮略語 511 Contents PART 1 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 Systems, Roles, and Development Methodologies 1 Need for Systems Analysis and Design 2 Roles of a Systems Analyst 2 Systems Analyst as Consultant 2 Qualities of a Systems Analyst 4 The Systems Development Life Cycle 4 Identifying Problems, Opportunities, and Objectives 5 Determining Human Information Requirements 5 Analyzing System Needs 6 Designing the Recommended System 6 Developing and Documenting Software 7 Testing and Maintaining the System 7 Implementing and Evaluating the System 7 The Impact of Maintenance 7 Using CASE Tools 8 The Agile Approach 10 Exploration 10 Planning 11 Iterations to the First Release 12 Productionizing 12 Maintenance 12 Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design 12 Object-Oriented Similarities to SDLC 12 Choosing Which Systems Development Method to Use 14 Developing Open Source Software 15 Why Organizations Participate in Open Source Communities 15 The Role of the Analyst in Open Source Software 15 Summary 16 Keywords and Phrases 17 Review Questions 17 Selected Bibliography 18 2 Understanding and Modeling Organizational Systems 19 Organizations as Systems 20 Interrelatedness and Interdependence of Systems 20 Virtual Organizations and Virtual Teams 21 Taking a Systems Perspective 22 Enterprise Systems: Viewing the Organization as a System22 Depicting Systems Graphically 24 Systems and the Context-Level Data Flow Diagram 24 Systems and the Entity-Relationship Model 25 Use Case Modeling 30 Use Case Symbols 31 Developing System Scope 33 Use Case Relationships 32 Developing Use Case Scenarios 34 Developing Use Case Diagrams 33 Use Case Levels 35 Creating Use Case Descriptions 38 Why Use Case Diagrams Are Helpful 39 Levels of Management 39 Implications for Information Systems Development 40 Collaborative Design 41 Organizational Culture 42 Technology抯 Impact on Culture 42 Summary 43 Keywords and Phrases 44 Review Questions 44 Problems 45 Group Projects 46 Selected Bibliography 47 3 Project Management 48 Project Initiation 49 Problems in an Organization 49 Defining the Problem 49 Selection of Projects 53 Determining Feasibility 54 Determining Whether It Is Possible 54 Estimating Workloads 55 Ascertaining Hardware and Software Needs 56 Inventorying Computer Hardware 56 Evaluating Computer Hardware for Purchase 58 Renting Time and Space in the Cloud 58 Evaluation of Vendor Support for Computer Hardware 60 Understanding the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Option 60 Creating Custom Software 61 Purchasing COTS Software 62 Using the Services of a SaaS Provider 63 Evaluation of Vendor Support for Software and SaaS 64 Identifying, Forecasting, and Comparing Costs and Benefits 65 Forecasting 65 Identifying Benefits and Costs 65 Comparing Costs and Benefits 67 Managing Time and Activities 68 The Work Breakdown Structure 68 Time Estimation Techniques 69 Project Scheduling 71 Using Gantt Charts for Project Scheduling 72 Using PERT Diagrams 73 Controlling a Project 76 Estimating Costs and Preparing the Budget 76 Managing Risk 78 Managing Time Using Expediting 79 Controlling Costs Using Earned Value Management 80 Managing the Project Team 84 Assembling a Team 84 Communication Strategies for Managing Teams 84 Setting Project Productivity Goals 86 Motivating Project Team Members 86 Managing Ecommerce Projects 86 Creating a Project Charter 87 The Systems Proposal 87 What to Include in a Systems Proposal 87 Using Figures for Effective Communication 89 Summary 92 Keywords and Phrases 93 Review Questions 94 Problems 94 Group Projects 99 Selected Bibliography 100 PART 2 INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 103 4 Information Gathering: Interactive Methods 103 Interviewing 104 Five Steps in Interview Preparation 104 Question Types 105 Arranging Questions in a Logical Sequence 107 Writing the Interview Report 110 Listening to Stories 110 Stories Are Made Up of Elements 111 Reasons for Telling Stories 112 Joint Application Design 113 Conditions That Support the Use of JAD 113 Who Is Involved? 113 Where to Hold JAD Meetings 114 Accomplishing a Structured Analysis of Project Activities 115 Potential Benefits of Using JAD in Place of Traditional Interviewing 115 Potential Drawbacks of Using JAD 115 Using Questionnaires 115 Planning for the Use of Questionnaires 116 Writing Questions 117 Designing Questionnaires 122 Administering Questionnaires 123 Summary 125 Keywords and Phrases 126 Review Questions 127 Problems 127 Group Projects 130 Selected Bibliography 131 5 Information Gathering: Unobtrusive Methods 132 Sampling 133 The Need for Sampling 133 Sampling Design 133 The Sample Size Decision 135 Analyzing Quantitative Documents 137 Systematically Examining Quantitative Documents 137 Analyzing Qualitative Documents 141 Systematically Examining Qualitative Documents 141 Using Text Analytics 143 Observing a Decision Maker抯 Behavior 143 Observing a Typical Manager抯 Decision-Making Activities 144 Observing the Physical Environment 145 Structured Observation of the Environment (STROBE) 145 Applying STROBE 147 Summary 147 Keywords and Phrases 149 Review Questions 149 Problems 149 Group Projects 151 Selected Bibliography 151 6 Agile Modeling, Prototyping, and Scrum 153 Prototyping 154 Kinds of Prototypes 154 The Users?Role in Prototyping 156 Agile Modeling 156 Values and Principles of Agile Modeling 156 Activities, Resources, and Practices of Agile Modeling 159 The Agile Development Process 163 Scrum 165 Roles Played in Scrum 166 The Product Backlog 167 The Sprint Cycle 167 Other Unique Scrum Features 168 Kanban 170 Scrum Advantages and Disadvantages 171 DevOps: A Cultural Shift for App Development 172 Comparing Agile Modeling and Structured Methods 173 Lessons Learned from Agile Modeling 173 Improving Efficiency in Knowledge Work: SDLC versus Agile 174 Risks Inherent in Organizational Innovation 177 Summary 180 Keywords and Phrases 180 Review Questions 181 Problems 181 Group Projects 183 Selected Bibliography 183 PART 3 THE ANALYSIS PROCESS 185 7 Using Data Flow Diagrams 185 The Data Flow Approach to Human Requirements Determination 186 Conventions Used in Data Flow Diagrams 186 Developing Data Flow Diagrams 187 Creating the Context Diagram 187 Drawing Diagram 0 (The Next Level) 188 Creating Child Diagrams (More Detailed Levels) 190 Checking Diagrams for Errors 190 Logical and Physical Data Flow Diagrams 192 Developing Logical Data Flow Diagrams 195 Developing Physical Data Flow Diagrams 196 Partitioning Data Flow Diagrams 198 A Data Flow Diagram Example 200 Developing the List of Business Activities 201 Creating a Context-Level Data Flow Diagram 201 Drawing Diagram 0 201 Creating a Child Diagram 202 Creating a Physical Data Flow Diagram from the Logical DFD 202 Partitioning the Physical DFD 204 Partitioning Websites 206 Communicating Using Data Flow Diagrams 207 Summary 210 Keywords and Phrases 211 Review Questions 211 Problems 211 Group Projects 213 Selected Bibliography 214 8 Analyzing Systems Using Data Dictionaries 215 The Data Dictionary 216 Need for Understanding the Data Dictionary 216 The Data Repository 216 Defining the Data Flows 217 Describing Data Structures 218 Logical and Physical Data Structures 219 Data Elements 221 Data Stores 224 Creating a Data Dictionary 225 Analyzing Input and Output 225 Developing Data Stores 226 Using a Data Dictionary 228 Using Data Dictionaries to Create XML 230 XML Document Type Definitions 232 XML Schemas 233 Summary 234 Keywords and Phrases 235 Review Questions 235 Problems 235 Group Projects 237 Selected Bibliography 237 9 Process Specifications and Structured Decisions 239 Overview of Process Specifications 240 Process Specification Format 241 Structured English 242 Writing Structured English 242 Data Dictionary and Process Specifications 245 Decision Tables 246 Developing Decision Tables 248 Checking for Completeness and Accuracy 250 Decision Trees 252 Drawing Decision Trees 252 Choosing a Structured Decision Analysis Technique 254 Summary 254 Keywords and Phrases 255 Review Questions 255 Problems 255 Group Projects 257 Selected Bibliography 258 10 Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML 259 Object-Oriented Concepts 260 Objects 260 Classes 260 Inheritance 261 CRC Cards and Object Think 262 Interacting During a CRC Session 264 Unified Modeling Language (UML) Concepts and Diagrams 264 Use Case Modeling 267 Activity Diagrams 269 Creating Activity Diagrams 271 Repository Entries for an Activity Diagram 272 Sequence and Communication Diagrams 273 Sequence Diagrams 273 Communication Diagrams 275 Class Diagrams 276 Method Overloading 277 Types of Classes 277 Defining Messages and Methods 278 Enhancing Sequence Diagrams 278 A Class Example for the Web 279 Presentation, Business, and Persistence Layers in Sequence Diagrams 281 Enhancing Class Diagrams 281 Relationships 282 Generalization/Specialization (Gen/Spec) Diagrams 285 Statechart Diagrams 288 A State Transition Example 289 Packages and Other UML Artifacts 290 Putting UML to Work 292 The Importance of Using UML for Modeling 294 Summary 295 Keywords and Phrases 296 Review Questions 297 Problems 297 Selected Bibliography 298 PART 4 THE ESSENTIALS OF DESIGN 299 11 Designing Effective Output 299 Output Design Objectives 300 Designing Output to Serve the Intended Purpose 300 Designing Output to Fit the User 300 Delivering the Appropriate Quantity of Output 300 Making Sure the Output Is Where It Is Needed 300 Providing Output on Time 300 Choosing the Right Output Method 301 Relating Output Content to Output Method 301 Output Technologies 301 Factors to Consider When Choosing Output Technology 301 Realizing How Output Bias Affects Users 306 Recognizing Bias in the Way Output Is Used 306 Avoiding Bias in the Design of Output 307 Designing Printed Output 307 Designing Output for Displays 308 Guidelines for Display Design 308 Using Graphical Output in Screen Design 311 Dashboards 311 Infographics 313 Designing a Website 313 Responsive Web Design 313 Flat Web Design 315 General Guidelines for Designing Websites 315 Specific Guidelines for Website Design 317 Web 2.0 Technologies 320 Social Media Design 322 Guidelines for Social Media Design 322 Designing Apps for Smartphones and Tablets 323 Set Up a Developer Account 324 Choose a Development Process 324 Be an Original 324 Determine How You Will Price the App 325 Follow the Rules 326 Design Your Icon 326 Choose an Appropriate Name for the App 326 Design for a Variety of Devices 326 Design the Output for the App 326 Design the Output a Second Time for a Different Orientation 327 Share a Prototype of Your Work 327 Design the App抯 Logic 327 Design Movement 327 Create the User Interface Using Gestures 327 Market Your App 328 Protect Your Intellectual Property 327 Output Production and XML 328 Ajax 330 Summary 330 Keywords and Phrases 331 Review Questions 331 Problems 332 Group Projects 335 Selected Bibliography 336 12 Designing Effective Input 337 Good Form Design 338 Making Forms Easy to Fill In 338 Meeting the Intended Purpose 341 Ensuring Accurate Completion 341 Keeping Forms Attractive 341 Controlling Business Forms 341 Good Display and Web Forms Design 342 Keeping the Display Simple 342 Keeping the Display Consistent 343 Facilitating Movement 343 Designing an Attractive and Pleasing Display 343 Using Icons in Display Design 343 Graphical User Interface Design 345 Form Controls and Values 347 Hidden Fields 347 Event-Response Charts 348 Dynamic Web Pages 348 Three-Dimensional Web Pages 350 Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScripe and XML) 351 Using Color in Display Design 352 Website Design 352 Summary 354 Keywords and Phrases 355 Review Questions 356 Problems 356 Group Projects 359 Selected Bibliography 359 13 Designing Databases 361 Databases 362 Data Concepts 363 Reality, Data, and Metadata 363 Files 368 Relational Databases 370 Normalization 372 The Three Steps of Normalization 372 A Normalization Example 372 Using an Entity-Relationship Diagram to Determine Record Keys 380 One-to-Many Relationships 381 Many-to-Many Relationships 381 Guidelines for Master File/Database Relation Design 382 Integrity Constraints 382 Anomalies 383 Making Use of a Database 384 Steps in Retrieving and Presenting Data 384 Denormalization 384 Data Warehouses 386 Online Analytical Processing 388 Data Mining 388 Business Intelligence (BI) 390 Data Analytics 391 Blockchains 392 Summary 394 Keywords and Phrases 395 Review Questions 396 Problems 396 Group Projects 398 Selected Bibliography 398 14 Human-Computer Interaction and UX Design 400 Understanding Human朇omputer Interaction 401 How Fit Affects Performance and Well-Being 401 Usability 402 Designing for the Cognitive Styles of Individual Users 403 Physical Considerations in HCI Design 403 Considering Human Limitations, Disabilities, and Design 404 Implementing Good HCI Practices 404 Types of User Interface 405 Natural-Language Interfaces 406 Question-and-Answer Interfaces 406 Menus 406 Form-Fill Interfaces 407 Choosing and Evaluating Interfaces 408 UX Design 408 Five Designer Actions That Promote Good UX Design 409 Five Designer Actions to Avoid in UX Design 410 UX Design Guidelines: An Ecommerce Example 411 Benefits of UX Design 411 Designing Interfaces for Smartphones and Tablets 412 Gestures 412 Alerts, Notices, and Queries 413 Badges 414 Design for Intelligent Personal Assistants 414 Designing for Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 415 Guidelines for Dialogue Design 415 Meaningful Communication 416 Minimal User Action 417 Standard Operation and Consistency 418 Feedback for Users 419 Types of Feedback 419 Including Feedback in Design 420 Special Design Considerations for Ecommerce 421 Soliciting Feedback from Ecommerce Website Customers 421 Easy Navigation for Ecommerce Websites 423 Mashups 424 Designing Queries 424 Query Types 424 Query Methods 427 Summary 430 Keywords and Phrases 430 Review Questions 431 Problems 432 Group Projects 433 Selected Bibliography 434 PART 5 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND IMPLEMENTATION 435 15 Designing Accurate Data Entry Procedures 435 Effective Coding 436 Keeping Track of Something 436 Classifying Information 437 Concealing Information 439 Revealing Information 439 Requesting Appropriate Action 441 General Guidelines for Coding 441 Effective and Efficient Data Capture 444 Deciding What to Capture 445 Letting the Computer Do the Rest 445 Avoiding Bottlenecks and Extra Steps 446 Starting with a Good Form 446 Choosing a Data Entry Method 446 Ensuring Data Quality through Input Validation 449 Validating Input Transactions 450 Validating Input Data 452 The Process of Validation 454 Data Accuracy Advantages in Ecommerce Environments 455 Customers Keying Their Own Data 455 Storing Data for Later Use 455 Using Data through the Order Fulfillment Process 455 Providing Feedback to Customers 456 Summary 456 Keywords and Phrases 457 Review Questions 457 Problems 458 Group Projects 460 Selected Bibliography 460 16 Quality Assurance and Implementation 462 The Total Quality Management Approach 463 Six Sigma 463 Responsibility for Total Quality Management 463 Structured Walkthrough 464 Top-Down Systems Design and Development 465 Using Structure Charts to Design Modular Systems 467 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) 468 Documentation Approaches 470 Procedure Manuals 470 The FOLKLORE Method 470 Choosing a Design and Documentation Technique 472 Testing, Maintenance, and Auditing 473 The Testing Process 473 Maintenance Practices 476 Auditing 476 Implementing Distributed Systems 476 Client/Server Technology 477 Cloud Computing 478 Network Modeling 481 Training Users 484 Training Strategies 484 Guidelines for Training 485 Conversion to a New System 487 Conversion Strategies 487 Other Conversion Considerations 488 Organizational Metaphors and Their Relationship to Successful Systems 488 Security Concerns for Traditional and Web-Based Systems 489 Physical Security 489 Logical Security 490 Behavioral Security 490 Special Secruity Considerations for Ecommerce 491 Privacy Considerations for Ecommerce 491 Disaster Recovery Planning 492 Evaluation 494 Evaluation Techniques 494 The Information System Utility Approach 494 Evaluating Corporate Websites 496 Summary 497 Keywords and Phrases 498 Review Questions 499 Problems 500 Group Projects 502 Selected Bibliography 502 GLOSSARY 503 ACRONYMS 511
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