Lu Yaoru's Academic Posts：Senior research fellow of theChinese Academy ofGeological Sciences;Professor of Department ofGeotechnical Engineering，School of Civil Engineering， TongjiUniversity， Shanghai;Member of the Chinese Academy ofEngineering;Honorary President of Guizhou Normal University;Memberof the Expert Committee of the National Commission for HazardReduction， China;Member of the National Environmental ConsultativeCommittee， China.
Research Interests:Karst and hydro-engineering and environmentalgeology.
Education:1950-1952， department of Geology， TsinghuaUniversity.1952-1953， transferred to study at the department ofhydrogeology and engineering， Beijing Institute of Geology（due tothe adjustment of colleges and departments in 1953），and graduatedahead oftime with a bachelor's degree.
Professional Experiences:For more than fifty years， Professor LuYaoru has been undertaking the research and surveying for a seriesof water conservat
Lu Yaoru's Academic Posts：Senior research fellow of theChinese Academy ofGeological Sciences;Professor of Department ofGeotechnical Engineering，School of Civil Engineering， TongjiUniversity， Shanghai;Member of the Chinese Academy ofEngineering;Honorary President of Guizhou Normal University;Memberof the Expert Committee of the National Commission for HazardReduction， China;Member of the National Environmental ConsultativeCommittee， China.
Research Interests:Karst and hydro-engineering and environmentalgeology.
Education:1950-1952， department of Geology， TsinghuaUniversity.1952-1953， transferred to study at the department ofhydrogeology and engineering， Beijing Institute of Geology（due tothe adjustment of colleges and departments in 1953），and graduatedahead oftime with a bachelor's degree.
Professional Experiences:For more than fifty years， Professor LuYaoru has been undertaking the research and surveying for a seriesof water conservation and water power construction projects
including hundreds of water control projects on the YangtzeRiver， Yellow River， Zhujiang River， Huaihe River， etc.， such asthe Sanxia（Three Gorges），Wujiangdu and Xin'an Jiang projects. Hehas directed the investigations and research for construction ofrailways， cities and towns etc， contributed to the economicdevelopment of karst regions by studying karst geo-ecology and theprevention and treatment of geo-hazards， first put forward theconcept of rocky desertification
and related understanding of geological and ecologicalenvironment， and has developed a set of theories on the controls ofkarst environmental and hydrogeologic evolution and their impactson engineering projects in karst terrains.In the early 1960s， ProfLu was in charge of the first karst research team in China andparticipated in the establishment of the Institute of KarstGeology. For his remarkable contributions to karst research andengineering construction，Professor Lu Yaoru has long been dubbed“Karst Lu”!
The Introduction to the Basic Karst Features and the History ofKarst Research in China
Ⅰ Basic factors and conditions ofkarst development
（Ⅰ） L ithologic character of soluble rocks
（Ⅱ） Dissolution capacity of water
Ⅱ Major factors that affect karst development
（Ⅰ） The effect of geological structures on karst development
（Ⅱ） The effect of climatic factors on karst development
Ⅲ Characteristics of the karst geo-environment
（Ⅰ） Resources
（Ⅱ） Hazards
Ⅳ A brief history of karst investigation, research and developmentin China
（Ⅰ） The history of karst research in China
（Ⅱ） Progress in karst survey and research since the founding of thePeople‘s Republic of China
（Ⅲ） The direction of karst research in the future
The Introduction to the Basic Karst Features and the History ofKarst Research in China
Ⅰ Basic factors and conditions ofkarst development
（Ⅰ） L ithologic character of soluble rocks
（Ⅱ） Dissolution capacity of water
Ⅱ Major factors that affect karst development
（Ⅰ） The effect of geological structures on karst development
（Ⅱ） The effect of climatic factors on karst development
Ⅲ Characteristics of the karst geo-environment
（Ⅰ） Resources
（Ⅱ） Hazards
Ⅳ A brief history of karst investigation, research and developmentin China
（Ⅰ） The history of karst research in China
（Ⅱ） Progress in karst survey and research since the founding of thePeople‘s Republic of China
（Ⅲ） The direction of karst research in the future
PartⅠ Karst Types and Development Conditions
Ⅰ Carbonate Rock Karst（bare and semi bare）CRK
（Ⅰ） General Corrosion（Holokarst Karst Type（K）
（Ⅱ） Partly Corrosional（Special Structural）Merokarst Type（KS）
（Ⅲ） Hydrothermal Rugged Karst Type（MK）
（Ⅳ） Corrosion-Glaciation Karst Types（KI）
（Ⅴ） Corrosion-Denudation Karst Type（KD）
（Ⅵ） Corrosion-Erosion Karst Type（KE）
（Ⅶ） Corrosion-Abrasion Karst Type（KA）
Ⅱ Buried Carbonate Karst（CK and BK）
Ⅲ Sulphate Karst（SRK）
Ⅳ Halide Rock Karst（HRA）
Ⅴ Homologous Karst（PK）
PartⅡ Karst Caves and Their Processes of Development
Ⅰ Famous karst caves
（Ⅰ） Ludi Yan Cave, Guangxi
（Ⅱ） Yao Lin Cave, Zhejiang
（Ⅲ） Yuhua Cave, Fujian
（Ⅳ） Shihua Cave, Beijing
Ⅱ The most beautiful caves
（Ⅰ） Zhijin Cave,Guizhou
（Ⅱ） Furong Cave,Chongqing
（Ⅲ） Huanglong Cave,Hunan
（Ⅳ） Tenglong Cave, Hubei
（Ⅴ） Xueyu Cave,Chongqing
（Ⅵ） Shuidong Cave,Benxi,Liaoning
Ⅲ Distinctive caves
（Ⅰ） The longest cave system-Shuanghe Cave in Guizhou
（Ⅱ） The deepest cave system
（Ⅲ） ‘Hot Cave’system
（Ⅳ） Summer ice cave system
Ⅳ The characteristics of water flow in caves and relatedmorphology
（Ⅰ） Subsurface streams
（Ⅱ） Underground rivers
（Ⅲ） Underground waterfall（Dark waterfall）
（Ⅳ） Underground lakes and pools
Ⅴ The mechanism of mixed（three-phase）flow an the forms that theycreate in caves
（Ⅰ） Mechanical characteristics of gas-phase flow
（Ⅱ） Three-phase flow evolution in a cave roof
（Ⅲ） Lateral erosion in caves
（Ⅳ） Roof erosion in caves
（Ⅴ） Erosion and corrosion on the bottoms of cave passages
Ⅵ Some distinctive deposits in caves
（Ⅰ） Deposits in cold conditions
（Ⅱ） Sedimentation in hydrothermal water
（Ⅲ） Biological sedimentary activity in caves
（Ⅳ） Deposition by mixed reactions in caves
Ⅶ Flowing water travertine（speleothem）depositic in normaltemperatures
（Ⅰ） Deposits of seepage water
（Ⅱ） Deposits of tubular water flow
（Ⅲ） Deposits of fissure water fiow
（Ⅳ） Deposits of schistose water flow
（Ⅴ） Deposits offloor flow
（Ⅵ） Deposits of capillary water flow
（Ⅶ） Deposits of splashing water flow
Ⅱ Microstructure of soluble rocks
（Ⅰ） Ultrastructure of gypsum
（Ⅱ） Microstructure of gypsum
（Ⅲ） Ultrastructure of carbonate rocks
（Ⅳ） Microstructure of carbonate rocks
Ⅲ Corrosion, corrosional grooves and other markings onrockfaces
（Ⅰ） Corroded grooves and markings by water erosion
（Ⅱ） Biological corrosion forms
（Ⅲ） Corrosion by flowing water
Ⅳ Phenomena of focused corrosion
（Ⅰ） Corrosional bedding planes
（Ⅱ） Corroded fissures（fractures）
（Ⅲ） Corroded faults
（Ⅳ） Karren cleft patterns
（Ⅴ） Corrosional teeth and pillars（pinnacle karst）
Ⅴ Processes ofkarst geomorphic development
（Ⅰ） Concave karst forms
（Ⅱ） Karst funnels and shafts
（Ⅲ） Karst depressions
（Ⅳ） Karst hills and mounts-corrosional hills
（Ⅴ） Karst peaks-corroded peaks
（Ⅵ） Residual ridges and rock benches
Ⅵ Processes of cave development
（Ⅰ） Corroded pits and pores
（Ⅱ） Geodes-crystal-lined pores and cavities
……
Part Ⅲ The Processes of Karst Development
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