Contents
1 Introduction to Quantitative Evaluation of the Whole Petroleum System 1
1.1 Major ChallengesFacing Oil and Gas Exploration 2
1.1.1 Progress in Oil and Gas Exploration and Research 2
1.1.2 Breakthrough of Unconventional Oil and Gas Exploration to Classic Petroleum System 4
1.1.3 Oil and Gas Exploration PracticesFacing Signi.cant Challenges 8
1.2 QuantitativeEvaluation Methodsof the WPS 10
1.2.1 Concept and Connotationof the WPS 10
1.2.2 Contents and Research Ideas of Quantitative EvaluationoftheWPS 17
1.2.3 PrincipleandWork.owof QuantitativeEvaluation fortheWPS 21
1.3 Progress and Case Studies of Quantitative Evaluation ontheWPS 26
1.3.1 There Are3Categories10Typesof Hydrocarbon Thresholds 26
1.3.2 Hydrocarbon Migration Thresholds Jointly Controlling Oil and Gas Resource 28
1.3.3 Hydrocarbon Dynamic Fields Jointly Controlling Oil and Gas ResourceTypes 30
1.3.4 Hydrocarbon Distribution Thresholds Jointly Controlling Oil and Gas Enrichment 32
1.3.5 Quantitative Evaluation ofTotal Oil and Gas ResourcesintheWPS 33
1.4 Development Directionof the WPS 35
1.4.1 Research on the Difference and Correlation Between Conventional and Unconventional Oil andGasReservoirsintheWPS 35
1.4.2 Evaluation ofTotal Potential Oil/Gas Resources in the Global Petroleum System 37
1.4.3 Development of Remained Oil and Gas Resources in Global Petroleum System 38
1.4.4 Development Prospecting of Natural Gas Hydrate in Global Petroleum Systems 40
1.5 Summary 42
References 43
2 Uni.ed Classi.cation of Oil and Gas Reservoirs in the WPS 49
2.1 IntroductionandIssue 49
2.2 Research Method andTechnology 51
2.2.1 Research Sites and Data Collection 51
2.2.2 Research Contents andWork.ow 52
2.3 Correlations Between the Conventional and Unconventional OilandGasReservoirs 53
2.3.1 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas BothofFossilResources 53
2.3.2 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas ReservoirsBothintheSameAge Strata 54
2.3.3 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Bothin the Same Basins 57
2.3.4 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Bothin the Same Layers 58
2.3.5 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Bothin the SamePS 60
2.3.6 All Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Bothin the Same WPS 62
2.4 Differences Between the Conventional and Unconventional OilandGasReservoirs 64
2.4.1 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Both Differentin Compositions 64
2.4.2 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Both Differentin Source Rocks 71
2.4.3 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas BothDifferentinReservoirs 72
2.4.4 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Both DifferentinTectonic Settings 76
2.4.5 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Both Different in Formation Mechanism 80
2.5 Uni.ed Genetic Classi.cation of Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs 81
2.5.1 The Uni.ed Genetic Classi.cation Scheme andPrinciple 82
2.5.2 Identi.cation Criteria for ConventionalTrap Oil andGasReservoirs 83
2.5.3 Identi.cation Criteria for UnconventionalTight OilandGasReservoirs 86
2.5.4 Identi.cation Criteria for Reformed Oil and Gas Reservoirs 88
2.6 Summary 91
References 92
3 Buoyancy-Driven Hydrocarbon Accumulation Depth in the WPS 103
3.1 IntroductionandIssue 104
3.2 Buoyancy-Driven Hydrocarbon Migration andAccumulation 105
3.2.1 De.nition of Buoyance-Driven Hydrocarbon AccumulationDepth 105
3.2.2 Representative Basins Used to Study the BHAD 105
3.3 Identi.cation of Buoyancy-Driven Hydrocarbon AccumulationDepth 107
3.3.1 Identifying BHAD by Distribution Characteristics ofOil andGasReservoirs 107
3.3.2 Identifying BHAD by Accumulation Characteristics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 109
3.3.3 Identifying BHAD by Pressure Characteristics ofOil andGasReservoirs 112
3.3.4 Identifying BHAD by Media Characteristics ofOil andGasReservoirs 113
3.4 Variation Features and ControllingFactorsof the BHAD 114
3.4.1 Variation of BHAD with the Lithology ofTarget Layer 114
3.4.2 Variation of BHAD with Hydrocarbon Components 114
3.4.3 Variationof BHAD withTectonicMovement 115
3.4.4 Variation of BHAD with Underground Heat Flow 116
3.5 Simulation Experiments on Dynamic Equilibrium oftheBHAD 117
3.5.1 Physical Modelling Experiments on Dynamic Equilibrium 117
3.5.2 Numerical Simulation and Quantitative Characterization 119
3.6 Discussion and Conclusion 120
3.6.1 Ubiquitous Presence of BHAD in Petroliferous Basins 120
3.6.2 Relationship Between the BHAD and Oil and Gas Accumulations 123
3.6.3 Resource Potentials of Oil and Gas Accumulations ConstrainedbyBHAD 125
3.7 Summary 126
References 127
4 Hydrocarbon Accumulation Depth Limit in the WPS 131
4.1 IntroductionandIssue 131
4.2 Research Method and Identifying Criteria of the HADL 132
4.2.1 Geologyof Research Basins 132
4.2.2 De.nition of HADL and Its Research Signi.cance 133
4.2.3 Identi.cationof the HADL 134
4.3 The HADLVariation andKeyControllingFactors 137
4.3.1 HADLVariation Controlledby Oil and Gas 141
4.3.2 HADLVariation Controlledby Reservoir Layer Lithology 142
4.3.3 HADLVariation Controlledby Reservoir Layer Age 143
4.3.4 HADLVariation Controlledby Geothermal Gradient 143
4.3.5 HADLVariation Controlledby Other Geological Factors 143
4.4 Formation Mechanismof the HADL 146
4.4.1 Depletion of Oil and Gas Generation Potential inSourceRocks 146
4.4.2 Capillary Pressure DifferenceTermination Outsider and Insider the Reservoir 147
4.4.3 Compaction DifferenceTermination Outsider andInsidertheReservoir 148
4.4.4 Variation of Geothermal Gradients in Petroliferous Basins 149
4.5 Implication of the HADL for Potential Resource Prediction 150
4.5.1 Predicting Promising Areas for Oil and Gas Exploration 151
4.5.2 Evaluating Oil and Gas Resource Potentials 152 4.6 Summary 154 References 155
5 Active Source-Rock Depth Limit in the WPS 159
5.1 IntroductionandIssue 159
5.2 The Sourceof Materials and Research Methods 160
5.2.1 Research Areas and Data Collection 160
5.2.2 Formation Mechanism and Characterization ofASDL 161
5.3 Identi.cationofASDL 165
5.3.1 The Identi.cation of ASDL in the Junggar Basin 165
5.3.2 The Identi.cation of ASDLs in Other Basins inChina 169
5.4 MajorFactors Controlling on the ASDL 170
5.4.1 The ASDLVariation withOrganic MatterTypes 170
5.4.2 The ASDL Variation with Heat Flows andGeothermalGradients 171
5.4.3 The ASDLVariation withTectonic Movement andOthers 172
5.4.4 Relationships Between the ASDL and the Heat FlowandOrganicMatterType 173
5.5 Discussion and Conclusion 175
5.5.1 The ASDL Controlling onVertical Distribution of Oil and Gas Reservoirs and HADL 175
5.5.2 The ASDL Controlling onVertical Distribution ofLiquidOil andNaturalGas 177
5.6 Summary 179
References 180
6 Uni.ed Modelfor Oil and Gas ReservoirsFormation 183
6.1 IntroductionandIssue 184
6.2 MethodandWork.ow 185
6.3 Uni.ed Genetic Model for Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs intheWPS 186
6.3.1 Conceptof the Uni.ed Model 186
6.3.2 Identi.cation and Prediction of Hydrocarbon DynamicBoundaries 188
6.3.3 Division and Identi.cation of Three Hydrocarbon DynamicFields 191
6.3.4 The Characteristics of Oil and Gas Accumulations in the Uni.ed Genetic Model 193
6.4 Formation and Evolution Mechanism of the Uni.ed Model 195
6.4.1 Formation Mechanism of the Uni.ed Genetic Modelina Petroliferous Basin 195
6.4.2 The Evolution of the Uni.ed Genetic Model inaPetroliferousBasin 197
6.5 Application of the Uni.ed Model for Oil and Gas Exploration 199
6.5.1 Evaluating Oil and Gas Resources by the Uni.ed Model 199
6.5.2 Predicting the Distribution of Potential Resources bytheUni.edModel 202
6.5.3 QuantifyingFavorable Scope of Oil and Gas Reservoirsby the Uni.ed Model 203
6.6 Discussion and Conclusion 205
6.6.1 The Increase of Heat Flow Leading to Shallower DepthoftheHDFs 206
6.6.2 Variationof Lithology LeadingtoDrivingForces CombinationDiversity 206
6.6.3 Tectonic Movement Leading to Reformation of the HDFs and ReservoirsType 209
6.6.4 Application Range of the Uni.ed Model 211 6.7 Summary 212 References 213
7 Evaluation of Conventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs 217
7.1 IntroductionandIssue 217
7.2 Concept of Hydrocarbon Threshold and Its Signi.cance 219
7.2.1 Basic Concept of Hydrocarbon Threshold 219
7.2.2 Hydrocarbon Threshold Controlling on Reservoirs Formation 220
7.3 Joint Controlling Model of Multi-factors for Oil and Gas Reservoirs 222
7.3.1 The Concept of Hydrocarbon Migration-Accumulation Threshold (HMAT) 222
7.3.2 The Discrimination Criteria of Hydrocarbon Migration-Accumulation Threshold 222
7.3.3 Joint Controlling Effect of HMAT on Reservoirs Formation 223
7.3.4 Work.ow of Oil and Gas Resource Assessment byUsingHMAT 225
7.3.5 Application Examples of HMATControlling ReservoirFormation Model 225
7.4 PredictionofFavorable Area for Oil and Gas Accumulation 226
7.4.1 The Concept of Hydrocarbon Distribution Threshold(HDT) 226
7.4.2 Mechanism of HDTs Joint Controlling Reservoir Distribution 227
7.4.3 Principle for Predicting Oil and Gas Reservoirs byUsingHDTs 229
7.4.4 Work.owofFavorable Area Prediction 230
7.4.5 ApplicationExamples 231
7.5 Optimizationof DrillingTargets for Oil and Gas 232
7.5.1 The Concept of Hydrocarbon Accumulation Threshold(HAT) 232
7.5.2 Quantitative Model of HATs Joint Controlling Reservoirs 233
7.5.3 Application of HATs Joint Controlling Oil andGasModel 234
7.6 Summary 236
References 237
8 Prediction and Evaluation of Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs 239
8.1 IntroductionandIssue 240
8.2 MethodandWork.ow 242
8.2.1 Identi.cation and Classi.cationof DrivingForces andTheirEffects 242
8.2.2 Work.ow of Multi-forces Evaluation 245
8.3 Evaluating Contributionsof DrivingForcesby Statistics 246
8.3.1 Data Sources and Research Principle 246
8.3.2 ResultsandAnalysis 246
8.4 Evaluation Contributionsof DrivingForcesby Simulation 248
8.4.1 Principle 248
8.4.2 Simulation for Hydrocarbon Expulsion from Source Rocksin Different Phases 249
8.4.3 Simulationof Relative Contributionsfor9Driving Forcesto Oil/Gas Expulsion 254
8.5 Con.rming Contribution of the CPD by Physical Experiments 260
8.5.1 PrincipleandConditions 260
8.5.2 ResultsandAnalysis 261
8.5.3 Dynamic Model for Oil and Gas Accumulation inDeepReservoirs 262
8.6 Discussion and Conclusion 271
8.6.1 The CPD is the Most Important DrivingForce forTight ReservoirsFormation 271
8.6.2 Special Conditions for Abnormal Oil and Gas Accumulationin Deep Reservoirs 271
8.6.3 Tectonic Movements and Reservoirs Reformations 272
8.6.4 The Abnormal Low Saturation of Oil and Gas inShallowLayers 273
8.6.5 The Critical Minimum DrivingForce for Oil andGasAccumulation 273
8.6.6 The MostFavorable Depth Range for Oil and Gas Accumulation 273
8.6.7 The Maximum Depth for Oil and Gas Accumulation 274
8.7 Summary 274
References 275
9 Evaluation of Unconventional Shale Oil and Gas Resource 279
9.1 IntroductionandIssue 279
9.1.1 Shale Oil Exploration Showing Broad Development Prospects 279
9.1.2 Continental Shale OilWidely Distributed but ControllingFactorsVery Complex 280
9.1.3 Evaluating Quantitatively the Movability of Continental Shale Oil Dif.cult 281
9.1.4 There Lacking MatureTechnology forEvaluation of Continental Shale Oil 282
9.2 Principle andWork.owof Shale Oil and GasEvaluation 282
9.2.1 Main Contents andTechnical Ideas 283
9.2.2 Key Study Area Selection and Regional GeologicalSurvey 284
9.2.3 SamplesandAnalysis 285
9.3 Sedimentary Lithofacies andTypesof Shale Rocks 285
9.3.1 Mineral Composition Characteristics of Shale 285
9.3.2 Bedding Structure Characteristics of Shale 286
9.3.3 Characteristics of Shale Sedimentary Lithofacies 289
9.4 Variation and ControllingFactorsof Retained Oilin Shale 291
9.4.1 The Retained Oil Amount in Shale is Controlled byLithofaces 291
9.4.2 The Retained Hydrocarbon Amount in Shale is Controlledby Pore Structure 294
9.4.3 The Retained Hydrocarbon Controlled by Surrounding Rock Conditions 301
9.4.4 The Retained Hydrocarbon Amount in Shale ControlledbyBurialDepth 305
9.5 Mobility of Shale Oil and Its Genetic Mechanism 308
9.5.1 The Principle of Physical Experiment on Shale OilMobility 309
9.5.2 Porosity and Permeability Controlling ontheMovableOilRatio 312
9.5.3 TheType and Content of Clay Minerals Control the PercentageofMovable Oil 313
9.5.4 OilViscosity Controlling on Shale Movable Oil Ratio 314
9.5.5 Kerogen Content Controlling on the Percentage ofMovableOil 315
9.6 Prediction and Evaluation of Shale Oil Resources 316
9.6.1 Principle of Evaluation for Potential Recoverable ResourcesofShaleOil 316
9.6.2 KeyParameters of Recoverable Oil and Gas ResourcesEvaluation 317
9.6.3 Prediction and Evaluation of Recoverable Shale OilResources 320
9.7 Summary 323
References 324
10 Evaluation of Reformed and Destroyed Oil and Gas Reservoirs 333
10.1 IntroductionandIssue 334
10.2 Geological Setting andEvaluation Method 335
10.3 Relationship BetweenTectonic Events and Oil/Gas Destruction 337
10.3.1 Reformed Oil and Gas Reservoirs Due to Multi-stageTectonicEvents 337
10.3.2 KeyGeologicalFactors Controlling Oil and Gas Destruction 341
10.3.3 Superpositionof MultistageTectonicEvents 345
10.4 Evaluation of Destroyed and Remained Oil and Gas Resources 347
10.4.1 Conceptual Geological Evaluation Model 347
10.4.2 Mathematical Model for Quantitative Evaluation 349
10.4.3 Acquisitionof GeologicalParameters 351
10.5 Discussion and Conclusion 356
10.5.1 Evaluation of Absolutely Destroyed Hydrocarbons Amount 356
10.5.2 Evaluation of Relatively Destroyed Hydrocarbons Amount 357
10.6Summary 363
References 364
11 Evaluation of the Global Oil and Gas Resources 369
11.1 IntroductionandIssue 369
11.2 Identi.cation and Distribution of Oil and Gas Resource Types 373
11.2.1 Identi.cationof Oil and Gas ResourceTypes 373
11.2.2 Dynamic Boundaries for Oil and Gas Resources Distributionin the Underground 374
11.2.3 The Uni.ed Model for the Distribution of Different Oil and Gas Resources 376
11.3 Evaluation Methodsof Oil and Gas Resources 376
11.3.1 Estimation of the 3-Type and 3-Level Resources BasedonMassBalance 376
11.3.2 Acquisition andValidation of Five Essential Parameters 378
11.3.3 Characterizationof EssentialParameters 389
11.4 Evaluation Results of the Global Oil and Gas Resources 390
11.4.1 Characterization of Hydrocarbon Resources 390
11.4.2 The Global Ultimate Hydrocarbons Resources andTheirComponents 390
11.4.3 Distribution of Potential Hydrocarbon Resources 393
11.5 Mass Balance of Hydrocarbons in Different Forms 400
11.5.1 Quantitative Characterization of Evaluated Results 400
11.5.2 ReliabilityofEvaluatedResults 401
11.6 Summary 405
References 406
12 Evaluation of the Global Potential Resource of the Natural Gas Hydrate 413
12.1 IntroductionandIssue 414
12.2 Evaluation of the NGH Resource by Mass-Balanced Method 427
12.2.1 Geological Model for NGH Formation andDistribution 427
12.2.2 Mass-Balanced Model and Equations for NGH ResourceEvaluation 431
12.2.3 Simulation Results and Variation Scope of NGH Resource 437
12.3 Evaluation of the NGH Resource by Drilling Analogy Method 439
12.3.1 Principle for Drilling Analogy Method 439
12.3.2 TwoCaseStudiesintheWorld 440
12.4 Evaluation of the NGH Resource by Trend Analysis Method 443
12.4.1 Principle by Trend Analysis Approach 443
12.4.2 ResultsofResourceEstimates 444
12.5 Comparison of NGH Resource Estimates from Three Methods 446
12.5.1 Estimated Results from Three Approaches 446
12.5.2 Implications to Future Oil and Gas Energy Supply 447
12.6 Summary 448
References 449