Capítulo 1 El concepto de sujeto y sus características···········································································001
1.1 Introducción ··········································································· 001
1.2 La definición del sujeto en espa?ol y en chino ································· 002
1.2.1 La definición del sujeto en espa?ol ··········································· 002
1.2.2 La definición del sujeto en chino ············································· 006
1.3 Características del sujeto sintáctico en espa?ol y en chino ················· 011
1.3.1 Características del sujeto sintáctico en espa?ol ···························· 011
1.3.1.1 Sujeto como función “sustantiva”·······················································012
1.3.1.2 Concordancia ··············································································014
1.3.1.3 Posición del sujeto ········································································014
1.3.1.4 Omisión del sujeto ········································································018
1.3.2 Características del sujeto sintáctico en chino································· 021
1.3.2.1 Sujeto y categoría gramatical ···························································021
1.3.2.1.1 Categoría sustantiva como sujetos ·············································023
1.3.2.1.2 Categoría predicativa como sujetos ··························································031
1.3.2.2 Posición del sujeto ········································································037
1.3.2.3 Omisión del sujeto ········································································041
1.3.3 Resumen parcial ································································· 048
1.4 El tema y su relación con sujeto sintáctico en espa?ol y en chino ················ 049
1.4.1 El tema y su relación con el sujeto sintáctico en espa?ol······························049
1.4.2 El tema y su relación con sujeto sintáctico en chino ························ 053
1.5 Algunas consideraciones sobre el sujeto semántico ······························ 062
1.6 ?Qué es una oración impersonal?·················································· 068
1.6.1 En espa?ol ········································································ 068
1.6.2 En chino ··········································································· 071
1.7 Recapitulación ········································································ 081
Capítulo 2 Los predicados de fenómenos naturales ·········································································083
2.1 Introducción ·········································································· 083
2.2 Predicados de fenómenos naturales en espa?ol ································ 084
2.2.1 Estructuras básicas de predicados de fenómenos naturales en
espa?ol ············································································ 085
2.2.2 Análisis gramaticales···························································· 092
2.2.2.1 El sujeto gramatical de los predicados de fenómenos naturales····················093
2.2.2.2 La función de los locativos ·····························································098
2.2.2.3 La expansión argumental de llover y amanecer···················································105
2.2.2.4 Resumen parcial ··········································································110
2.2.3 Propuesta de análisis de los verbos de fenómenos naturales en espa?ol··111
2.2.3.1 Nuestra propuesta en síntesis····························································111
2.2.3.2 Los locativos/ temporales como argumento externo ·································114
2.2.3.2.1 Los locativos ···························································································114
2.2.3.2.2 Los temporales ························································································117
2.2.3.2.3 Resumen parcial·······················································································119
2.2.3.3 Predicados simples meteorológicos ···················································122
2.2.3.3.1 Verbos meteorológicos denominales························································123
2.2.3.3.2 Verbos meteorológicos deadjetivales·······················································126
2.2.3.3.3 Resumen parcial ······················································································129
2.2.3.4 Predicados complejos con verbos ligeros··············································130
2.2.3.5 Predicados complejos con copulativos·················································133
2.2.4 Resumen de predicados de fenómenos naturales en espa?ol ·············· 136
2.3 Predicados correspondientes en chino: Comparación con el espa?ol······ 144
2.3.1 Estructuras básicas ······························································ 144
2.3.1.1 Clasificación de las oraciones en chino ···············································144
2.3.1.2 Estructuras básicas de predicados de fenómenos naturales en chino ··············147
2.3.2 Análisis gramaticales ···························· 157
2.3.2.1 La posición de los locativos·····························································158
2.3.2.2 Elementos preverbales en oraciones con predicados verbales ·····················164
2.3.2.4 Función predicativa de los adjetivos y sustantivos ··································177
2.3.3 Propuesta de análisis de los verbos de fenómenos naturales en chino ····················183
2.3.3.1 Nuestra propuesta en síntesis····························································184
2.3.3.2 Los locativos como argumento externo en chino y en espa?ol·······································186
2.3.3.2.1 Los locativos como argumento externo en chino ····································186
2.3.3.2.2 Estructura generativa y comparación con el espa?ol ····························190
2.3.3.3 Predicados verbales en chino Vs. Predicados denominales y los con verbos
ligeros en espa?ol ········································································195
2.3.3.3.1 Predicados verbales como Palabras Separables “V+N”························196
2.3.3.3.2 Estructura generativa y su comparación con el espa?ol ·······················202
2.3.3.4 Predicados adjetivales en chino Vs. Predicados deadjetivales en espa?ol········ 206
2.3.3.5 Predicados adjetivales y nominales en chino Vs. Predicados con verbos
copulativos en espa?ol ··································································212
2.3.4 Resumen ·········································································· 217
2.4 Recapitulación ········································································ 224
Capítulo 3 Los predicados de existencia y aparición ·········································································225
3.1 Introducción ·········································································· 225
3.2 Predicados de existencia y aparición en espa?ol ·························· 226
3.2.1 Estructuras básicas ···································· 227
3.2.2 Análisis gramaticales ································· 232
3.2.2.1 Verbos impersonales y pseudo-impersonales ·········································232
3.2.2.2 El fenómeno de inacusatividad y los locativos ·······································236
3.2.2.3 Efecto de definitud ··························································244
3.2.2.4 Resumen parcial ··········································································248
3.2.3 Nuestra propuesta ······················································· 251
3.2.3.1 Modelos de estructura de existencia y de aparición··································251
3.2.3.2 Locativos y dativos como argumento externo ·······································257
3.2.3.2.1 Los locativos ····························································································257
3.2.3.2.2 Los dativos ······························································································263
3.2.3.3 Argumentos antepuestos y pospuestos ················································269
3.2.4 Resumen de predicados de existencia y aparición en espa?ol············· 273
3.3 Predicados correspondientes en chino: comparación con espa?ol·········· 277
3.3.1 Estructuras básicas ······························································ 278
3.3.1.1 Características y delimitación···························································278
3.3.1.2 Clasificación de oraciones de existencia y aparición en chino ·····················280
3.3.2 Análisis gramaticales···························································· 290
3.3.2.1 Elementos preverbales, los locativos ·················································290
3.3.2.2 La inacusatividad de los predicados de existencia y aparición ····················297
3.3.2.2.1 Inacusatividad de los verbos transitivos en estas oraciones ·················298
3.3.2.2.2 Inacusatividad de los verbos inergativos en estas oraciones ·················303
3.3.3 Nuestra propuesta ····························································· 307
3.3.3.1 Clasificación de los predicados de existencia y de aparición ·······················308
3.3.3.1.1 Verbos de relación····················································································308
3.3.3.1.2 Verbos de acción ······················································································309
3.3.3.1.3. Resumen parcial y propuesta de clasificación········································311
3.3.3.2 Modelos de estructuras de oraciones de existencia y de aparición ······················314
3.3.3.3 Predicados de existencia y su estructura generativa ·································318
3.3.3.3.1 El subtipo de 是shì(ser), 有yǒu(haber/ tener) y su posible omisión ·················318
3.3.3.3.2 El subtipo de “V+有yǒu” ············································································323
3.3.3.3.3 El subtipo de “V+ 著zhe” ·············································································327
3.3.3.4 Predicados de aparición/ desaparición y su estructura generativa ··················331
3.3.4 Resumen de predicados correspondientes en chino ························· 333
3.4 Recapitulación ········································································· 339
Capítulo 4 Conclusiones ·········································································341
4.1 Sobre la sintaxis del chino··························································· 341
4.2 Oraciones con predicados de fenómenos naturales······································· 342
4.3 Oraciones con predicados de existencia y (des)aparición ························· 345
4.4 ?ltimas conclusiones ································································· 348
Bibliografía ·········································································351