《國際貿(mào)易實務英語》是根據(jù)國際進出口貿(mào)易流程的專業(yè)知識而設計的雙語教學教材，體現(xiàn)出專門用途英語的特征，把豐富的國際貿(mào)易知識與英語相結(jié)合，使英語在國際貿(mào)易中得到具體應用。隨著國際貿(mào)易實踐發(fā)展的需要， 《國際貿(mào)易術語解釋通則2020》已頒布，為了使教材內(nèi)容更新及時，不斷完善，便于教學，特對本教材進行了修訂。全書共分十章，主要內(nèi)容包括國際貿(mào)易概述，國際貿(mào)易合同洽談與簽訂，國際貿(mào)易術語，合同標的（商品的名稱、質(zhì)量、數(shù)量和包裝），國際貨物運輸，國際運輸貨物保險，國際支付，商品檢驗、索賠、不可抗力和仲裁，國際貿(mào)易方式，進出口程序以及相關單據(jù)。本次修訂在原有框架和主體內(nèi)容的基礎上對部分內(nèi)容進行了更新，調(diào)整了部分章節(jié)、更新了開篇導入的新聞，更新部分習題并增加習題類型，達到學練一體，使學生通過對國際貿(mào)易專業(yè)知識的學習，強化專門用途英語的實戰(zhàn)技能。
目錄
Contents
Chapter 1 General Introduction to International Trade … 1
1.1 Reasons for International Trade ………………………………… 3
1.2 Differences Between International Trade and Domestic Trade … 4
1.3 Forms of International Trade …………………………………… 5
1.4 Cross-border E-commerce ……………………………………… 6
1.4.1 Definition of Cross-border E-commerce ………………… 7
1.4.2 Features of Cross-border E-commerce …………………… 7
1.4.3 Types of Cross-border E-commerce ……………………… 8
1.4.4 Application of E-commerce ……………………………… 8
Chapter 2 Negotiation and Performance of International
Trades Contract ………………………………17
2.1 Preparations to Contract ……………………………………… 19
2.1.1 Selecting Target Market ………………………………… 20
2.1.2 Selecting Prospective Customers ……………………… 21
2.1.3 Designing Promoting Schedules ……………………… 22
2.1.4 Employing Qualified Negotiators ……………………… 22
2.2 Negotiations to Contract …………………………………… 23
2.3 Contents and Formation of Contract ………………………… 25
2.3.1 Contents of Contract …………………………………… 26
2.3.2 Formation of Contract ………………………………… 28
2.4 Performance of Contract ……………………………………… 30
Chapter 3 International Trade Terms ……………………37
3.1 A General Introduction to Trade Terms ……………………… 40
3.1.1 Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 …………………………… 40
3.1.2 Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 …… 40
3.1.3 International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms … 40
3.2 Incoterms 2020 ……………………………………………… 41
3.2.1 Scope of Governance …………………………………… 41
3.2.2 Classification of Incoterms 2020 ……………………… 42
3.2.3 Brief Explanation of Incoterms 2020 …………………… 43
3.3 Issues Concerning Incoterms 2020 …………………………… 51
3.3.1 Incorporating the Incoterms Rules and Making the
Place Clear ……………………………………………… 51
3.3.2 Arranging for Carriage with Sellers or Buyers Own Means
of Transport …………………………………………… 51
3.3.3 Importance of Notice …………………………………… 51
3.3.4 Symbolic Delivery and Actual Delivery ………………… 52
3.4 Considerations for Choosing Trade Terms …………………… 52
3.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Incoterms ………… 52
3.4.2 Considerations for Choosing Trade Terms ……………… 53
Chapter 4 Terms of Commodity …………………………61
4.1 Name of Commodity ………………………………………… 62
4.2 Quality of Commodity ……………………………………… 63
4.2.1 Sale by Actual Goods …………………………………… 64
4.2.2 Sale by Sample ………………………………………… 64
4.2.3 Sale by Description …………………………………… 65
4.2.4 Quality Tolerance and Quality Latitude ………………… 67
4.3 Quantity of Commodity ……………………………………… 67
4.3.1 Systems of Measurement ……………………………… 67
4.3.2 Weight Measurement ………………………………… 68
4.3.3 More or Less Clause …………………………………… 69
4.4 Packing of Commodity ……………………………………… 69
4.4.1 Transport Packing ……………………………………… 69
4.4.2 Sales Packing …………………………………………… 71
4.4.3 Neutral Packing ………………………………………… 71
4.4.4 Designated Brand ……………………………………… 71
4.4.5 Packing Clause in Sales Contract ……………………… 71
4.5 Marking of Commodities …………………………………… 72
4.5.1 Shipping Mark ………………………………………… 72
4.5.2 Indicative Mark ………………………………………… 72
4.5.3 Warning Mark ………………………………………… 73
Chapter 5 International Cargo Transportation …………79
5.1 Ocean Transportation ………………………………………… 81
5.1.1 Liner Transportation …………………………………… 81
5.1.2 Tramp Transportation ………………………………… 83
5.2 Other Modes of Transportation …………………………… 84
5.2.1 Air Transportation ……………………………………… 84
5.2.2 Rail Transportation …………………………………… 85
5.2.3 Road Transportation …………………………………… 86
5.2.4 Container Transportation ……………………………… 86
5.2.5 Multimodal Transportation …………………………… 88
5.2.6 Postal Transportation …………………………………… 89
5.2.7 Pipeline Transportation ………………………………… 89
5.2.8 OCP Transportation …………………………………… 90
5.3 Shipment Document ………………………………………… 90
5.4 Shipment Clauses in the Contract …………………………… 96
5.4.1 Time of Shipment and Time of Delivery ……………… 96
5.4.2 Time of Loading and Unloading ……………………… 97
5.4.3 Advice of Shipment …………………………………… 97
5.4.4 Port of Shipment and Port of Destination ……………… 97
5.4.5 Partial Shipment and Transshipment ………………… 98
5.4.6 Lay Time, Demurrage and Dispatch …………………… 99
Chapter 6 International Cargo Insurance …………… 109
6.1 Definition and Fundamental Principles of Insurance ……… 110
6.1.1 Definition of Insurance ………………………………… 110
6.1.2 Fundamental Principles of Insurance ………………… 111
6.2 Marine Cargo Insurance ……………………………………… 112
6.2.1 Types of Risks, Losses and Expenses Covered ………… 112
6.2.2 Scope of Marine Insurance Coverage ………………… 115
6.3 Other Types of International Cargo Insurance ……………… 119
6.3.1 Insurance of Land Transportation ……………………… 119
6.3.2 Insurance of Air Transportation ………………………… 119
6.3.3 Insurance of Postal Transportation …………………… 120
6.4 Procedure of Marine Insurance ……………………………… 120
6.4.1 To Apply for Insurance ………………………………… 120
6.4.2 To Determine Insured Value and Premium …………… 120
6.4.3 To Sign Insurance Documents ………………………… 121
6.4.4 To Lodge an Insurance Claim …………………………… 122
Chapter 7 International Payment …………………… 127
7.1 Instruments of International Settlement …………………… 128
7.1.1 Draft …………………………………………………… 129
7.1.2 Promissory Note ………………………………………… 132
7.1.3 Cheque ………………………………………………… 133
7.2 Remittance …………………………………………………… 134
7.2.1 Definition of Remittance ……………………………… 135
7.2.2 Parties of Remittance …………………………………… 135
7.2.3 Types of Remittance …………………………………… 135
7.3 Collection……………………………………………………… 136
7.3.1 Definition of Collection ………………………………… 136
7.3.2 Parties in Collection …………………………………… 136
7.3.3 Collection Classification ………………………………… 137
7.3.4 Operation of Collection ………………………………… 137
7.3.5 Collection Instruction ………………………………… 138
7.3.6 Handling of Inward Collection ………………………… 139
7.4 Letter of Credit ……………………………………………… 140
7.4.1 Definition and Features of Letter of Credit …………… 140
7.4.2 Parties to a Documentary Credit ……………………… 141
7.4.3 Procedures of a Documentary Credit ………………… 143
7.4.4 Types of Credit ………………………………………… 144
7.5 Bank Guarantee ……………………………………………… 148
7.6 Payment Problems …………………………………………… 150
Chapter 8 Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure
and Arbitration …………………………… 163
8.1 Inspection …………………………………………………… 165
8.1.1 Place and Time of Inspection …………………………… 165
8.1.2 Inspection Agency and Certificate …………………… 167
8.1.3 Inspection Standard and Method ……………………… 167
8.2 Claim and Settlement ………………………………………… 168
8.3 Force Majeure ………………………………………………… 169
8.4 Arbitration …………………………………………………… 170
8.4.1 Place of Arbitration …………………………………… 170
8.4.2 Organization of Arbitration …………………………… 170
8.4.3 Procedure of Arbitration ……………………………… 171
8.4.4 Applicable Rules of Arbitration ………………………… 171
Chapter 9 International Trade Modes ……………… 179
9.1 Agency, Distribution and Consignment ……………………… 181
9.1.1 Agency ………………………………………………… 181
9.1.2 Distribution …………………………………………… 182
9.1.3 Consignment …………………………………………… 183
9.2 Auction and Tender …………………………………………… 184
9.2.1 Invitation for Bids ……………………………………… 184
9.2.2 Submission of Tenders ………………………………… 184
9.2.3 Bid Opening …………………………………………… 184
9.2.4 Evaluation of Tender …………………………………… 185
9.2.5 Tender Discussion and Tender Decision ……………… 185
9.3 Counter Trade ………………………………………………… 185
9.3.1 Barter …………………………………………………… 185
9.3.2 Counter Purchase ……………………………………… 186
9.3.3 Switch Trade …………………………………………… 186
9.3.4 Compensation Trade …………………………………… 186
9.3.5 Offset …………………………………………………… 187
9.4 Processing Trade ……………………………………………… 187
9.5 Futures Trading ……………………………………………… 188
Chapter 10 Import and Export Procedures ………… 195
10.1 Procedures of Import Transaction ………………………… 197
10.2 Procedures of Export Transaction …………………………… 200
10.3 Documentation ……………………………………………… 203
10.3.1 Government-controlled Documents ………………… 204
10.3.2 Commercial Documents ……………………………… 206
10.3.3 Financial Documents ………………………………… 208
10.3.4 Transportation Documents …………………………… 209
10.3.5 Insurance Documents ………………………………… 209
Key to Exercises ………………………………………… 214
Reference ………………………………………………… 222
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