第 1 章 基礎(chǔ)............................................................................................................................1
1.1 引言 ...............................................................................................................................1
1.2 程序 ...............................................................................................................................2
1.2.1 Hello, World!................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 函數(shù) ...............................................................................................................................4
1.4 類型、變量與運(yùn)算........................................................................................................6
1.4.1 算術(shù)運(yùn)算 ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.2 初始化........................................................................................................................... 9
1.5 作用域和生命周期...................................................................................................... 10
1.6 常量 ............................................................................................................................. 11
1.7 指針、數(shù)組和引用...................................................................................................... 13
1.7.1 空指針..........................................................................................................................15
1.8 檢驗(yàn) ............................................................................................................................. 16
1.9 映射到硬件 ................................................................................................................. 19
1.9.1 賦值..............................................................................................................................19
1.9.2 初始化..........................................................................................................................20
1.10 建議 ........................................................................................................................... 21
第 2 章 用戶自定義類型........................................................................................................23
2.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 23
2.2 結(jié)構(gòu) ............................................................................................................................. 24
2.3 類 ................................................................................................................................. 25
2.4 枚舉 ............................................................................................................................. 27
2.5 聯(lián)合 ............................................................................................................................. 29
2.6 建議 ............................................................................................................................. 31
第 3 章 模塊化 ......................................................................................................................32
3.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 32
3.2 分離編譯 ..................................................................................................................... 33
3.2.1 頭文件..........................................................................................................................34
3.2.2 模塊..............................................................................................................................36
3.3 命名空間 ..................................................................................................................... 39
3.4 函數(shù)參數(shù)與返回值...................................................................................................... 41
3.4.1 參數(shù)傳遞 ......................................................................................................................42
3.4.2 返回值..........................................................................................................................43
3.4.3 返回類型推導(dǎo) ..............................................................................................................45
3.4.4 返回類型后置 ..............................................................................................................45
3.4.5 結(jié)構(gòu)化綁定 ..................................................................................................................46
3.5 建議 ............................................................................................................................. 47
第 4 章 錯誤處理...................................................................................................................48
4.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 48
4.2 異常 ............................................................................................................................. 49
4.3 約束條件 ..................................................................................................................... 50
4.4 錯誤處理的其他替代方式.......................................................................................... 52
4.5 斷言 ............................................................................................................................. 54
4.5.1 assert() ..........................................................................................................................55
4.5.2 static_assert...................................................................................................................56
4.5.3 noexcept........................................................................................................................56
4.6 建議 ............................................................................................................................. 57
第 5 章 類..............................................................................................................................58
5.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 58
5.1.1 類的概述 ......................................................................................................................59
5.2 具體類型 ..................................................................................................................... 59
5.2.1 一種算術(shù)類型 ..............................................................................................................60
5.2.2 容器..............................................................................................................................62
5.2.3 容器的初始化 ..............................................................................................................64
5.3 抽象類型 ..................................................................................................................... 66
5.4 虛函數(shù) ......................................................................................................................... 69
5.5 類層次結(jié)構(gòu) ................................................................................................................. 70
5.5.1 類層次結(jié)構(gòu)的益處 ......................................................................................................72
5.5.2 類層次結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)航 ..........................................................................................................74
5.5.3 避免資源泄漏 ..............................................................................................................75
5.6 建議 ............................................................................................................................. 76
第 6 章 基本操作...................................................................................................................78
6.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 78
6.1.1 基本操作 ......................................................................................................................79
6.1.2 轉(zhuǎn)換..............................................................................................................................81
6.1.3 成員初始值設(shè)定項(xiàng) ......................................................................................................81
6.2 拷貝和移動 ................................................................................................................. 82
6.2.1 拷貝容器 ......................................................................................................................82
6.2.2 移動容器 ......................................................................................................................84
6.3 資源管理 ..................................................................................................................... 87
6.4 操作符重載 ................................................................................................................. 88
6.5 常規(guī)操作 ..................................................................................................................... 89
6.5.1 比較（關(guān)系操作符） ..................................................................................................90
6.5.2 容器操作 ......................................................................................................................92
6.5.3 迭代器及智能指針 ......................................................................................................92
6.5.4 輸入與輸出操作 ..........................................................................................................93
6.5.5 swap() ...........................................................................................................................93
6.5.6 hash＜＞ ..........................................................................................................................93
6.6 用戶自定義字面量...................................................................................................... 93
6.7 建議 ............................................................................................................................. 94
第 7 章 模板..........................................................................................................................96
7.1 引言 ............................................................................................................................. 96
7.2 參數(shù)化類型 ................................................................................................................. 97
7.2.1 受限模板參數(shù) ..............................................................................................................99
7.2.2 模板值參數(shù) ................................................................................................................100
7.2.3 模板參數(shù)推導(dǎo) ............................................................................................................100
7.3 參數(shù)化操作 ............................................................................................................... 102
7.3.1 模板函數(shù) ....................................................................................................................103
7.3.2 函數(shù)對象 ....................................................................................................................103
7.3.3 匿名函數(shù)表達(dá)式 ........................................................................................................105
7.4 模板機(jī)制 ................................................................................................................... 109
7.4.1 模板變量 ....................................................................................................................109
7.4.2 別名............................................................................................................................110
7.4.3 編譯時 if.....................................................................................................................111
7.5 建議 ........................................................................................................................... 113
第 8 章 概念和泛型編程......................................................................................................114
8.1 引言 ........................................................................................................................... 114
8.2 概念 ........................................................................................................................... 115
8.2.1 概念的運(yùn)用 ................................................................................................................116
8.2.2 基于概念的重載 ........................................................................................................117
8.2.3 有效代碼 ....................................................................................................................118
8.2.4 定義概念 ....................................................................................................................119
8.2.5 概念與 auto ................................................................................................................122
8.2.6 類型與概念 ................................................................................................................124
8.3 泛型編程 ................................................................................................................... 124
8.3.1 概念的使用 ................................................................................................................124
8.3.2 使用模板實(shí)現(xiàn)抽象 ....................................................................................................125
8.4 可變參數(shù)模板 ........................................................................................................... 127
8.4.1 折疊表達(dá)式 ................................................................................................................128
8.4.2 完美轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)參數(shù) ............................................................................................................129
8.5 模板編譯模型 ........................................................................................................... 130
8.6 建議 ........................................................................................................................... 131
第 9 章 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫 ....................................................................................................................132
9.1 引言 ........................................................................................................................... 132
9.2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫組件 ............................................................................................................... 133
9.3 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫的組織 ........................................................................................................... 134
9.3.1 命名空間 ....................................................................................................................134
9.3.2 ranges 命名空間.........................................................................................................135
9.3.3 模塊............................................................................................................................136
9.3.4 頭文件........................................................................................................................136
9.4 建議 ........................................................................................................................... 138
第 10 章 字符串和正則表達(dá)式.............................................................................................139
10.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 139
10.2 字符串 ..................................................................................................................... 139
10.2.1 string 的實(shí)現(xiàn) ............................................................................................................142
10.3 字符串視圖 ............................................................................................................. 142
10.4 正則表達(dá)式 ............................................................................................................. 144
10.4.1 搜索..........................................................................................................................145
10.4.2 正則表達(dá)式的符號表示...........................................................................................146
10.4.3 迭代器......................................................................................................................151
10.5 建議 ......................................................................................................................... 151
第 11 章 輸入和輸出 ...........................................................................................................153
11.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 153
11.2 輸出 ......................................................................................................................... 154
11.3 輸入 ......................................................................................................................... 156
11.4 I/O 狀態(tài) ................................................................................................................... 157
11.5 用戶自定義類型的 I/O ........................................................................................... 158
11.6 輸出格式化 ............................................................................................................. 159
11.6.1 流式格式化 ..............................................................................................................160
11.6.2 printf()風(fēng)格的格式化...............................................................................................161
11.7 流 ............................................................................................................................. 164
11.7.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)流......................................................................................................................164
11.7.2 文件流......................................................................................................................165
11.7.3 字符串流 ..................................................................................................................165
11.7.4 內(nèi)存流......................................................................................................................166
11.7.5 同步流......................................................................................................................167
11.8 C 風(fēng)格的 I/O............................................................................................................ 168
11.9 文件系統(tǒng) ................................................................................................................. 168
11.9.1 路徑..........................................................................................................................168
11.9.2 文件和目錄 ..............................................................................................................171
11.10 建議 ....................................................................................................................... 172
第 12 章 容器......................................................................................................................174
12.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 174
12.2 vector ....................................................................................................................... 175
12.2.1 元素..........................................................................................................................178
12.2.2 范圍檢查 ..................................................................................................................178
12.3 list ............................................................................................................................ 180
12.4 forward_list.............................................................................................................. 181
12.5 map .......................................................................................................................... 182
12.6 unordered_map ........................................................................................................ 183
12.7 分配器 ..................................................................................................................... 184
12.8 容器概述 ................................................................................................................. 186
12.9 建議 ......................................................................................................................... 188
第 13 章 算法......................................................................................................................190
13.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 190
13.2 使用迭代器 ............................................................................................................. 192
13.3 迭代器類型 ............................................................................................................. 195
13.3.1 流迭代器 ..................................................................................................................196
13.4 使用謂詞 ................................................................................................................. 199
13.5 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫算法概覽 ..................................................................................................... 199
13.6 并行算法 ................................................................................................................. 201
13.7 建議 ......................................................................................................................... 202
第 14 章 范圍......................................................................................................................203
14.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 203
14.2 視圖 ......................................................................................................................... 204
14.3 生成器 ..................................................................................................................... 206
14.4 管道 ......................................................................................................................... 207
14.5 概念概述 ................................................................................................................. 208
14.5.1 類型概念 ..................................................................................................................209
14.5.2 迭代器概念 ..............................................................................................................211
14.5.3 范圍概念 ..................................................................................................................212
14.6 建議 ......................................................................................................................... 213
第 15 章 指針和容器 ...........................................................................................................214
15.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 214
15.2 指針類型 ................................................................................................................. 215
15.2.1 unique_ptr 及 shared_ptr...........................................................................................216
15.2.2 span...........................................................................................................................219
15.3 容器 ......................................................................................................................... 221
15.3.1 array..........................................................................................................................222
15.3.2 bitset .........................................................................................................................224
15.3.3 pair............................................................................................................................225
15.3.4 tuple ..........................................................................................................................227
15.4 可變類型容器 ......................................................................................................... 229
15.4.1 variant.......................................................................................................................229
15.4.2 optional.....................................................................................................................231
15.4.3 any ............................................................................................................................232
15.5 建議 ......................................................................................................................... 233
第 16 章 實(shí)用工具...............................................................................................................234
16.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 234
16.2 時間 ......................................................................................................................... 235
16.2.1 時鐘..........................................................................................................................235
16.2.2 日歷..........................................................................................................................236
16.2.3 時區(qū)..........................................................................................................................237
16.3 函數(shù)適配 ................................................................................................................. 237
16.3.1 匿名函數(shù)作為適配器 ..............................................................................................238
16.3.2 mem_fn() ..................................................................................................................238
16.3.3 function.....................................................................................................................238
16.4 類型函數(shù) ................................................................................................................. 239
16.4.1 類型謂詞 ..................................................................................................................240
16.4.2 條件屬性 ..................................................................................................................242
16.4.3 類型生成器 ..............................................................................................................242
16.4.4 關(guān)聯(lián)類型 ..................................................................................................................243
16.5 source_location ........................................................................................................ 244
16.6 move()和 forward().................................................................................................. 244
16.7 位操作 ..................................................................................................................... 246
16.8 退出程序 ................................................................................................................. 247
16.9 建議 ......................................................................................................................... 248
第 17 章 數(shù)值計(jì)算...............................................................................................................249
17.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 249
17.2 數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù) ................................................................................................................. 250
17.3 數(shù)值計(jì)算算法 ......................................................................................................... 251
17.3.1 并行數(shù)值算法 ..........................................................................................................251
17.4 復(fù)數(shù) ......................................................................................................................... 252
17.5 隨機(jī)數(shù) ..................................................................................................................... 253
17.6 向量算術(shù) ................................................................................................................. 255
17.7 數(shù)值界限 ................................................................................................................. 256
17.8 類型別名 ................................................................................................................. 256
17.9 數(shù)學(xué)常數(shù) ................................................................................................................. 256
17.10 建議 ....................................................................................................................... 257
第 18 章 并發(fā)......................................................................................................................259
18.1 引言 ......................................................................................................................... 259
18.2 任務(wù)和 thread .......................................................................................................... 260
18.2.1 傳遞參數(shù) ..................................................................................................................262
18.2.2 返回結(jié)果 ..................................................................................................................262
18.3 共享數(shù)據(jù) ................................................................................................................. 263
18.3.1 mutex 和鎖 ...............................................................................................................263
18.3.2 原子量......................................................................................................................265
18.4 等待事件 ................................................................................................................. 266
18.5 任務(wù)間通信 ............................................................................................................. 268
18.5.1 future 和 promise ......................................................................................................268
18.5.2 packaged_task...........................................................................................................269
18.5.3 async() ......................................................................................................................270
18.5.4 停止 thread ...............................................................................................................271
18.6 協(xié)程 ......................................................................................................................... 273
18.6.1 協(xié)作式多任務(wù) ..........................................................................................................274
18.7 建議 ......................................................................................................................... 277
第 19 章 歷史和兼容性........................................................................................................279
19.1 歷史 ......................................................................................................................... 279
19.1.1 大事年表 ..................................................................................................................280
19.1.2 早期的 C++ ..............................................................................................................281
19.1.3 ISO C++標(biāo)準(zhǔn)............................................................................................................284
19.1.4 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與編程風(fēng)格 ......................................................................................................286
19.1.5 C++的使用...............................................................................................................287
19.1.6 C++模型...................................................................................................................287
19.2 C++特性演化 .......................................................................................................... 288
19.2.1 C++11 語言特性 ......................................................................................................288
19.2.2 C++14 語言特性 ......................................................................................................289
19.2.3 C++17 語言特性 ......................................................................................................290
19.2.4 C++20 語言特性 ......................................................................................................290
19.2.5 C++11 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫組件 ..................................................................................................291
19.2.6 C++14 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫組件 ..................................................................................................292
19.2.7 C++17 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫組件 ..................................................................................................292
19.2.8 C++20 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫組件 ..................................................................................................292
19.2.9 移除或棄用的特性 ..................................................................................................293
19.3 C/C++兼容性 .......................................................................................................... 294
19.3.1 C 與 C++是兄弟.......................................................................................................294
19.3.2 兼容性問題 ..............................................................................................................295
19.4 參考文獻(xiàn) ................................................................................................................. 298
19.5 建議 ......................................................................................................................... 301
附錄 A std 模塊...................................................................................................................303