Contents
Introduction xix
Chapter 1. The Sphere of Lexicons and Knowledge 1
1.1. Lexical semantics 1
1.2. Lexical databases 23
1.3. Knowledge representation and ontologies 49
Chapter 2. The Sphere of Semantics 75
2.1. Combinatorial semantics 75
2.2. Formal semantics 95
Chapter 3. The Sphere of Discourse and Text 123
3.1. Discourse analysis and pragmatics 123
3.2. Computational approaches to discourse 146
Chapter 4. The Sphere of Applications 169
4.1. Software engineering for NLP software 169
4.2. Machine translation (MT) 191
4.3. Information retrieval (IR) 211
4.4. Big Data (BD) and information extraction 234
Conclusion 259
Bibliography 263
Index 301