Letter to the Reader Letter to the Reader ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． vii
Introduction． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．1
Part One： A Taxonomy of Socratic Questions Based in Critical Thinking Concepts
Questions that Target the Parts of Thinking． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．5
Questions that Target the Quality of Reasoning． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．9
The Art of Socratic Questioning Checklist． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．12
Four Directions in Which to Pursue Thought． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． 16
Three Kinds of Questions． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．18
Asking One-System， No-System， and Conflicting-System Questions． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
．19
Questioning Questions： Identifying Prior Questions． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．23
Asking Complex Interdisciplinary Questions． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．25
Part Two： Socratic Questioning Transcripts
Transcript One： Exploring the Mind and How It Works (Elementary School)． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
33
Transcript Two： Helping Students Organize Their Thoughts for Writing (Middle School)． ． ． ． ． ．
41
Transcript Three： Helping Students Think Deeply About Basic Ideas (High School)． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
45
Transcript Four： Helping Students Think Seriously About Complex Social Issues (High School)． ． ．
50
Part Three： The Mechanics of Socratic Questioning
Three Kinds of Socratic Discussion． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．56
Wondering Aloud About Truth and Meaning ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． 63
Sources of Student Belief． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．65
General Guidelines for Socratic Questioning． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．67
Part Four： The Role of Questions in Teaching， Thinking， and Learning
The Teacher as Questioner． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． 71
Understanding Content as Interrelated Systems with Real-Life Connections． ． ． ． ． ． ．<