第1章　引　言.................................................................................................................1
1.1　BPF和eBPF是什么 .............................................................................................. 1
1.2　跟蹤、嗅探、采樣、剖析和可觀測(cè)性分別是什么 .......................................... 2
1.3　BCC、bpftrace和IO Visor ................................................................................... 3
1.4　初識(shí)BCC：快速上手 .......................................................................................... 4
1.5　BPF跟蹤的能見(jiàn)度 ............................................................................................... 7
1.6　動(dòng)態(tài)插樁：kprobes和uprobes ............................................................................ 8
1.7　靜態(tài)插樁：tracepoint和USDT ........................................................................... 9
1.8　初識(shí)bpftrace：跟蹤open() ................................................................................ 10
1.9　再回到BCC：跟蹤open() ................................................................................. 13
1.10　小結(jié) .................................................................................................................. 15
第2章　技術(shù)背景...........................................................................................................16
2.1　圖釋BPF ............................................................................................................. 16
2.2　BPF ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.3　擴(kuò)展版BPF ......................................................................................................... 18
2.3.1　為什么性能工具需要 BPF 技術(shù) ......................................................... 21
2.3.2　BPF 與內(nèi)核模塊的對(duì)比 ......................................................................23
2.3.3　編寫 BPF 程序 .....................................................................................23
2.3.4　使用 BPF 查看指令集 ：bpftool ..........................................................24
2.3.5　使用 bpftrace 查看 BPF 指令集 .......................................................... 32
2.3.6　BPF API ................................................................................................ 33
2.3.7　BPF 并發(fā)控制 ......................................................................................37
2.3.8　BPF sysfs 接口 ..................................................................................... 38
2.3.9　BPF 類型格式 ......................................................................................38
2.3.10　BPF CO-RE ........................................................................................ 39
2.3.11　BPF 的局限性 ..................................................................................... 40
2.3.12　BPF 擴(kuò)展閱讀資料 ............................................................................40
2.4　調(diào)用�；厮� ........................................................................................................ 41
2.4.1　基于幀指針的調(diào)用棧回溯 ................................................................... 41
2.4.2　調(diào)試信息 ............................................................................................... 42
2.4.3　最后分支記錄 ....................................................................................... 43
2.4.4　ORC ...................................................................................................... 43
2.4.5　符號(hào) ....................................................................................................... 43
2.4.6　擴(kuò)展閱讀 ............................................................................................... 43
2.5　火焰圖 ................................................................................................................ 44
2.5.1　調(diào)用棧信息 ........................................................................................... 44
2.5.2　對(duì)調(diào)用棧信息的剖析 ........................................................................... 44
2.5.3　火焰圖 ................................................................................................... 45
2.5.4　火焰圖的特性 ....................................................................................... 47
2.5.5　火焰圖的變體 ....................................................................................... 48
2.6　事件源 ................................................................................................................ 48
2.7　kprobes ............................................................................................................... 49
2.7.1　kprobes 是如何工作的 ......................................................................... 49
2.7.2　kprobes 接口 ......................................................................................... 51
2.7.3　BPF 和 kprobes .....................................................................................51
2.7.4　關(guān)于 kprobes 的更多內(nèi)容 .................................................................... 53
2.8　uprobes ............................................................................................................... 53
2.8.1　uprobes 是如何工作的 ......................................................................... 53
2.8.2　uprobes 接口 ......................................................................................... 55
2.8.3　BPF 與 uprobes .....................................................................................55
2.8.4　uprobes 的開(kāi)銷和未來(lái)的工作 ............................................................. 56
2.8.5　擴(kuò)展閱讀 ............................................................................................... 57
2.9　跟蹤點(diǎn) ................................................................................................................ 57
2.9.1　如何添加跟蹤點(diǎn) ................................................................................... 58
2.9.2　跟蹤點(diǎn)的工作原理 ............................................................................... 59
2.9.3　跟蹤點(diǎn)的接口 ....................................................................................... 60
2.9.4　跟蹤點(diǎn)和 BPF ...................................................................................... 61
2.9.5　BPF 原始跟蹤點(diǎn) ..................................................................................62
2.9.6　擴(kuò)展閱讀 ............................................................................................... 62
2.10　USDT ............................................................................................................... 62
2.10.1　添加 USDT 探針 ................................................................................ 63
2.10.2　USDT 是如何工作的 ......................................................................... 65
2.10.3　BPF 與 USDT ..................................................................................... 66
2.10.4　USDT 的更多信息 ............................................................................. 66
2.11　動(dòng)態(tài)USDT ........................................................................................................ 66
2.12　性能監(jiān)控計(jì)數(shù)器 .............................................................................................. 68
2.12.1　PMC 的模式 .......................................................................................68
2.12.2　PEBS ................................................................................................... 69
2.12.3　云計(jì)算 ................................................................................................. 69
2.13　perf_events ....................................................................................................... 69
2.14　小結(jié) .................................................................................................................. 70
第3章　性能分析...........................................................................................................71
3.1　概覽 .................................................................................................................... 71
3.1.1　目標(biāo) ....................................................................................................... 71
3.1.2　分析工作 ............................................................................................... 72
3.1.3　多重性能問(wèn)題 ....................................................................................... 73
3.2　性能分析方法論 ................................................................................................ 73
3.2.1　業(yè)務(wù)負(fù)載畫(huà)像 ....................................................................................... 74
3.2.2　下鉆分析 ............................................................................................... 75
3.2.3　USE 方法論 .......................................................................................... 76
3.2.4　檢查清單法 ........................................................................................... 77
3.3　Linux 60秒分析 ................................................................................................. 77
3.3.1　uptime ................................................................................................... 77
3.3.2　dmesg | tail ............................................................................................ 78
3.3.3　vmstat 1 ................................................................................................. 78
3.3.4　mpstat -P ALL 1 ....................................................................................79
3.3.5　pidstat 1 ................................................................................................. 80
3.3.6　iostat -xz 1 ............................................................................................. 80
3.3.7　free -m ................................................................................................... 82
3.3.8　sar -n DEV 1 .........................................................................................82
3.3.9　sar -n TCP,ETCP 1 ................................................................................ 83
3.3.10　top ....................................................................................................... 83
3.4　BCC工具檢查清單 ............................................................................................ 84
3.4.1　execsnoop .............................................................................................. 84
3.4.2　opensnoop ............................................................................................. 85
3.4.3　ext4slower ............................................................................................. 85
3.4.4　biolatency .............................................................................................. 86
3.4.5　biosnoop ................................................................................................ 86
3.4.6　cachestat ................................................................................................ 87
3.4.7　tcpconnect .............................................................................................87
3.4.8　tcpaccept ............................................................................................... 87
3.4.9　tcpretrans ............................................................................................... 88
3.4.10　runqlat ................................................................................................. 88
3.4.11　profile .................................................................................................. 89
3.5　小結(jié) .................................................................................................................... 90
第4章　BCC..................................................................................................................91
4.1　BCC的組件 ........................................................................................................ 92
4.2　BCC的特性 ........................................................................................................ 92
4.2.1　BCC 的內(nèi)核態(tài)特性 .............................................................................. 92
4.2.2　BCC 的用戶態(tài)特性 .............................................................................. 93
4.3　安裝BCC ............................................................................................................ 94
4.3.1　內(nèi)核要求 ............................................................................................... 94
4.3.2　Ubuntu ................................................................................................... 94
4.3.3　RHEL .................................................................................................... 95
4.3.4　其他發(fā)行版 ........................................................................................... 95
4.4　BCC的工具 ........................................................................................................ 96
4.4.1　重點(diǎn)工具 ............................................................................................... 96
4.4.2　工具的特點(diǎn) ........................................................................................... 97
4.4.3　單一用途工具 ....................................................................................... 98
4.4.4　多用途工具 ........................................................................................... 99
4.5　funccount .......................................................................................................... 100
4.5.1　funccount 的示例 ................................................................................ 101
4.5.2　funccount 的語(yǔ)法 ................................................................................ 103
4.5.3　funccount 的單行程序 ........................................................................ 103
4.5.4　funccount 的幫助信息 ........................................................................ 104
4.6　stackcount ......................................................................................................... 105
4.6.1　stackcount 的示例 .............................................................................. 105
4.6.2　stackcount 的火焰圖 .......................................................................... 107
4.6.3　stackcount 殘缺的調(diào)用棧 .................................................................. 108
4.6.4　stackcount 的語(yǔ)法 .............................................................................. 108
4.6.5　stackcount 的單行程序 ...................................................................... 109
4.6.6　stackcount 的幫助信息 ...................................................................... 109
4.7　trace .................................................................................................................. 110
4.7.1　trace 的示例 .........................................................................................111
4.7.2　trace 的語(yǔ)法 .........................................................................................111
4.7.3　trace 的單行程序 ................................................................................ 113
4.7.4　trace 的結(jié)構(gòu)體 .................................................................................... 113
4.7.5　trace 調(diào)試文件描述符泄露問(wèn)題 ........................................................ 114
4.7.6　trace 的幫助信息 ................................................................................ 115
4.8　argdist ............................................................................................................... 117
4.8.1　argdist 的語(yǔ)法 ..................................................................................... 118
4.8.2　argdist 的單行程序 ............................................................................. 119
4.8.3　argdist 的幫助信息 ............................................................................. 119
4.9　工具文檔 .......................................................................................................... 121
4.9.1　man 幫助文檔 ：opensnoop ............................................................... 121
4.9.2　示例文件 ：opensnoop ....................................................................... 125
4.10　開(kāi)發(fā)BCC工具 ................................................................................................ 126
4.11　BCC的內(nèi)部實(shí)現(xiàn) ............................................................................................ 127
4.12　BCC的調(diào)試 .................................................................................................... 128
4.12.1　printf() 調(diào)試 ...................................................................................... 129
4.12.2　BCC 調(diào)試輸出 ..................................................................................131
4.12.3　BCC 的調(diào)試標(biāo)志位 .......................................................................... 132
4.12.4　bpflist ................................................................................................. 133
4.12.5　bpftool ............................................................................................... 134
4.12.6　dmesg ................................................................................................ 134
4.12.7　重置事件 ........................................................................................... 134
4.13　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 136
第5章　bpftrace...........................................................................................................137
5.1　bpftrace的組件 ................................................................................................. 138
5.2　bpftrace的特性 ................................................................................................. 139
5.2.1　bpftrace 的事件源 .............................................................................. 139
5.2.2　bpftrace 的動(dòng)作 .................................................................................. 139
5.2.3　bpftrace 的一般特性 .......................................................................... 140
5.2.4　bpftrace 與其他觀測(cè)工具的比較 ...................................................... 140
5.3　bpftrace的安裝 ................................................................................................. 141
5.3.1　內(nèi)核版本要求 ..................................................................................... 141
5.3.2　Ubuntu ................................................................................................. 142
5.3.3　Fedora ................................................................................................. 142
5.3.4　構(gòu)建后的安裝步驟 ............................................................................. 143
5.3.5　其他發(fā)行版 ......................................................................................... 143
5.4　bpftrace工具 ..................................................................................................... 143
5.4.1　重點(diǎn)工具 ............................................................................................. 144
5.4.2　工具特征 ............................................................................................. 144
5.4.3　工具的運(yùn)行 ......................................................................................... 145
5.5　bpftrace單行程序 ............................................................................................. 145
5.6　bpftrace的文檔 ................................................................................................. 146
5.7　bpftrace編程 ..................................................................................................... 146
5.7.1　用法 ..................................................................................................... 147
5.7.2　程序結(jié)構(gòu) ............................................................................................. 148
5.7.3　注釋 ..................................................................................................... 148
5.7.4　探針格式 ............................................................................................. 149
5.7.5　探針通配符 ......................................................................................... 149
5.7.6　過(guò)濾器 ................................................................................................. 150
5.7.7　動(dòng)作 ..................................................................................................... 150
5.7.8　Hello, World! .......................................................................................151
5.7.9　函數(shù) ..................................................................................................... 151
5.7.10　變量 ................................................................................................... 152
5.7.11　映射表函數(shù) ....................................................................................... 153
5.7.12　對(duì) vfs_read() 計(jì)時(shí) ............................................................................ 154
5.8　bpftrace的幫助信息 ......................................................................................... 155
5.9　bpftrace的探針類型 ......................................................................................... 157
5.9.1　tracepoint ............................................................................................. 157
5.9.2　usdt ...................................................................................................... 159
5.9.3　kprobe 和 kretprobe ............................................................................160
5.9.4　uprobe 和 uretprobe ............................................................................ 160
5.9.5　software 和 hardware ..........................................................................161
5.9.6　profile 和 interval ................................................................................ 162
5.10　bpftrace的控制流 ........................................................................................... 163
5.10.1　過(guò)濾器 ............................................................................................... 163
5.10.2　三元操作符 ....................................................................................... 163
5.10.3　if 語(yǔ)句 ............................................................................................... 163
5.10.4　循環(huán)展開(kāi) ........................................................................................... 164
5.11　bpftrace的運(yùn)算符 ........................................................................................... 164
5.12　bpftrace的變量 ............................................................................................... 165
5.12.1　內(nèi)置變量 ........................................................................................... 165
5.12.2　內(nèi)置變量 ：pid、comm 和 uid ........................................................166
5.12.3　內(nèi)置變量 ：kstack 和 ustack ............................................................166
5.12.4　內(nèi)置變量 ：位置參數(shù) ....................................................................... 168
5.12.5　臨時(shí)變量 ........................................................................................... 169
5.12.6　映射表變量 ....................................................................................... 169
5.13　bpftrace的函數(shù) ............................................................................................... 170
5.13.1　printf() ............................................................................................... 171
5.13.2　join() .................................................................................................. 172
5.13.3　str() .................................................................................................... 173
5.13.4　kstack() 和 ustack() ........................................................................... 173
5.13.5　ksym() 和 usym() .............................................................................. 174
5.13.6　kaddr() 和 uaddr() .............................................................................175
5.13.7　system() ............................................................................................. 176
5.13.8　exit() .................................................................................................. 176
5.14　bpftrace映射表的操作函數(shù) ........................................................................... 177
5.14.1　count() ............................................................................................... 177
5.14.2　sum()、avg()、min() 和 max() ........................................................178
5.14.3　hist() .................................................................................................. 179
5.14.4　lhist() ................................................................................................. 180
5.14.5　delete() .............................................................................................. 181
5.14.6　clear() 和 zero() .................................................................................181
5.14.7　print() ................................................................................................ 182
5.15　bpftrace的下一步工作 ................................................................................... 183
5.15.1　顯式區(qū)分地址模式 ........................................................................... 183
5.15.2　其他擴(kuò)展 ........................................................................................... 184
5.15.3　ply ..................................................................................................... 184
5.16　bpftrace的內(nèi)部運(yùn)作 ....................................................................................... 185
5.17　bpftrace的調(diào)試 ............................................................................................... 186
5.17.1　printf() 調(diào)試 ...................................................................................... 186
5.17.2　調(diào)試模式 ........................................................................................... 187
5.17.3　詳情模式 ........................................................................................... 188
5.18　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 190
第6章　CPU................................................................................................................191
6.1　背景知識(shí) .......................................................................................................... 192
6.1.1　CPU 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) ....................................................................................192
6.1.2　BPF 的分析能力 ................................................................................194
6.1.3　分析策略 ............................................................................................. 196
6.2　傳統(tǒng)工具 .......................................................................................................... 197
6.2.1　內(nèi)核統(tǒng)計(jì) ............................................................................................. 197
6.2.2　硬件統(tǒng)計(jì) ............................................................................................. 200
6.2.3　硬件采樣 ............................................................................................. 202
6.2.4　定時(shí)采樣 ............................................................................................. 203
6.2.5　事件統(tǒng)計(jì)與事件跟蹤 ......................................................................... 207
6.3　BPF工具 ........................................................................................................... 210
6.3.1　execsnoop ............................................................................................ 211
6.3.2　exitsnoop ............................................................................................. 214
6.3.3　runqlat ................................................................................................. 215
6.3.4　runqlen ................................................................................................ 219
6.3.5　runqslower ........................................................................................... 222
6.3.6　cpudist ................................................................................................. 223
6.3.7　cpufreq ................................................................................................ 224
6.3.8　profile .................................................................................................. 227
6.3.9　offcputime ........................................................................................... 232
6.3.10　syscount ............................................................................................. 236
6.3.11　argdist 和 trace ..................................................................................239
6.3.12　funccount ........................................................................................... 242
6.3.13　softirqs ............................................................................................... 244
6.3.14　hardirqs ............................................................................................. 245
6.3.15　smpcalls ............................................................................................. 246
6.3.16　llcstat ................................................................................................. 250
6.3.17　其他工具 ........................................................................................... 251
6.4　BPF單行程序 ................................................................................................... 251
6.4.1　BCC 工具 ............................................................................................251
6.4.2　bpftrace 版本 ...................................................................................... 252
6.5　可選練習(xí) .......................................................................................................... 253
6.6　小結(jié) .................................................................................................................. 254
第7章　內(nèi)存................................................................................................................255
7.1　背景知識(shí) .......................................................................................................... 256
7.1.1　內(nèi)存基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) ..................................................................................... 256
7.1.2　BPF 的分析能力 ................................................................................260
7.1.3　分析策略 ............................................................................................. 262
7.2　傳統(tǒng)工具 .......................................................................................................... 263
7.2.1　內(nèi)核日志 ............................................................................................. 263
7.2.2　內(nèi)核統(tǒng)計(jì)信息 ..................................................................................... 264
7.2.3　硬件統(tǒng)計(jì)和硬件采樣 ......................................................................... 268
7.3　BPF工具 ........................................................................................................... 269
7.3.1　oomkill ................................................................................................ 270
7.3.2　memleak .............................................................................................. 271
7.3.3　mmapsnoop ......................................................................................... 274
7.3.4　brkstack ............................................................................................... 275
7.3.5　shmsnoop ............................................................................................ 277
7.3.6　faults .................................................................................................... 277
7.3.7　ffaults .................................................................................................. 280
7.3.8　vmscan ................................................................................................ 281
7.3.9　drsnoop ................................................................................................ 284
7.3.10　swapin ............................................................................................... 285
7.3.11　hfaults ................................................................................................ 287
7.3.12　其他工具 ........................................................................................... 287
7.4　BPF單行程序 ................................................................................................... 288
7.4.1　BCC ..................................................................................................... 288
7.4.2　bpftrace ............................................................................................... 288
7.5　可選練習(xí) .......................................................................................................... 289
7.6　小結(jié) .................................................................................................................. 290
第8章　文件系統(tǒng).........................................................................................................291
8.1　背景知識(shí) .......................................................................................................... 292
8.1.1　文件系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) ............................................................................. 292
8.1.2　BPF 的分析能力 ................................................................................294
8.1.3　分析策略 ............................................................................................. 295
8.2　傳統(tǒng)工具 .......................................................................................................... 296
8.2.1　df ......................................................................................................... 297
8.2.2　mount .................................................................................................. 297
8.2.3　strace ................................................................................................... 298
8.2.4　perf ...................................................................................................... 298
8.2.5　fatrace .................................................................................................. 301
8.3　BPF工具 ........................................................................................................... 302
8.3.1　opensnoop ........................................................................................... 303
8.3.2　statsnoop ............................................................................................. 306
8.3.3　syncsnoop ............................................................................................ 308
8.3.4　mmapfiles ............................................................................................ 309
8.3.5　scread .................................................................................................. 311
8.3.6　fmapfault ............................................................................................. 312
8.3.7　filelife .................................................................................................. 313
8.3.8　vfsstat .................................................................................................. 315
8.3.9　vfscount ............................................................................................... 317
8.3.10　vfssize ............................................................................................... 318
8.3.11　fsrwstat .............................................................................................. 320
8.3.12　fileslower ........................................................................................... 322
8.3.13　filetop ................................................................................................ 325
8.3.14　writesync ........................................................................................... 327
8.3.15　filetype ............................................................................................... 328
8.3.16　cachestat ............................................................................................ 331
8.3.17　writeback ........................................................................................... 334
8.3.18　dcstat ................................................................................................. 336
8.3.19　dcsnoop ............................................................................................. 338
8.3.20　mountsnoop ....................................................................................... 340
8.3.21　xfsslower ........................................................................................... 341
8.3.22　xfsdist ................................................................................................ 342
8.2.23　ext4dist .............................................................................................. 345
8.3.24　icstat .................................................................................................. 348
8.3.25　bufgrow ............................................................................................. 350
8.3.26　readahead .......................................................................................... 351
8.3.27　其他工具 ........................................................................................... 353
8.4　BPF單行程序 ................................................................................................... 353
8.4.1　BCC ..................................................................................................... 353
8.4.2　bpftrace ............................................................................................... 354
8.4.3　BPF 單行程序示范 ............................................................................356
8.5　可選練習(xí) .......................................................................................................... 359
8.6　小結(jié) .................................................................................................................. 360
第9章　磁盤I/O............................................................................................................361
9.1　背景知識(shí) .......................................................................................................... 362
9.1.1　磁盤系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) ............................................................................. 362
9.1.2　BPF 的分析能力 ................................................................................365
9.1.3　分析策略 ............................................................................................. 366
9.2　傳統(tǒng)工具 .......................................................................................................... 367
9.2.1　iostat .................................................................................................... 367
9.2.2　perf ...................................................................................................... 369
9.2.3　blktrace ................................................................................................ 370
9.2.4　SCSI 日志 ...........................................................................................371
9.3　BPF工具 ........................................................................................................... 372
9.3.1　biolatency ............................................................................................373
9.3.2　biosnoop .............................................................................................. 379
9.3.3　biotop .................................................................................................. 383
9.3.4　bitesize ................................................................................................ 384
9.3.5　seeksize ............................................................................................... 386
9.3.6　biopattern ............................................................................................ 388
9.3.7　biostacks .............................................................................................. 390
9.3.8　bioerr ................................................................................................... 393
9.3.9　mdflush ................................................................................................ 395
9.3.10　iosched .............................................................................................. 397
9.3.11　scsilatency ......................................................................................... 399
9.3.12　scsiresult ............................................................................................ 401
9.3.13　nvmelatency ......................................................................................403
9.4　BPF單行程序 ................................................................................................... 406
9.4.1　BCC ..................................................................................................... 406
9.4.2　bpftrace ............................................................................................... 407
9.4.3　BPF 單行程序示范 ............................................................................408
9.5　可選練習(xí) .......................................................................................................... 409
9.6　小結(jié) .................................................................................................................. 410
第10章　網(wǎng)絡(luò)..............................................................................................................411
10.1　背景知識(shí) ........................................................................................................ 412
10.1.1　網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) ................................................................................... 412
10.1.2　BPF 的分析能力 ..............................................................................419
10.1.3　分析策略 ........................................................................................... 421
10.1.4　常見(jiàn)的跟蹤錯(cuò)誤 ............................................................................... 421
10.2　傳統(tǒng)工具 ........................................................................................................ 422
10.2.1　ss ....................................................................................................... 423
10.2.2　ip ....................................................................................................... 424
10.2.3　nstat ................................................................................................... 425
10.2.4　netstat ................................................................................................ 425
10.2.5　sar ...................................................................................................... 428
10.2.6　nicstat ................................................................................................ 429
10.2.7　ethtool ............................................................................................... 429
10.2.8　tcpdump ............................................................................................. 431
10.2.9　/proc .................................................................................................. 432
10.3　BPF工具 ......................................................................................................... 433
10.3.1　sockstat .............................................................................................. 435
10.3.2　sofamily ............................................................................................. 437
10.3.3　soprotocol .......................................................................................... 440
10.3.4　soconnect ........................................................................................... 442
10.3.5　soaccept .............................................................................................445
10.3.6　socketio ............................................................................................. 447
10.3.7　socksize ............................................................................................. 450
10.3.8　sormem .............................................................................................. 452
10.3.9　soconnlat ........................................................................................... 455
10.3.10　so1stbyte ......................................................................................... 459
10.3.11　tcpconnect ....................................................................................... 461
10.3.12　tcpaccept .........................................................................................464
10.3.13　tcplife .............................................................................................. 467
10.3.14　tcptop ............................................................................................... 472
10.3.15　tcpsnoop .......................................................................................... 473
10.3.16　tcpretrans .........................................................................................474
10.3.17　tcpsynbl ........................................................................................... 477
10.3.18　tcpwin .............................................................................................. 479
10.3.19　tcpnagle ...........................................................................................481
10.3.20　udpconnect ...................................................................................... 483
10.3.21　gethostlatency ................................................................................. 485
10.3.22　ipecn ................................................................................................ 487
10.3.23　superping ......................................................................................... 488
10.3.24　qdisc-fq ........................................................................................... 491
10.3.25　qdisc-cbq、qdisc-cbs、qdisc-codel、qdisc-fq_codel、qdisc-red、qdisc-tbf ....................................................................... 493
10.3.26　netsize ............................................................................................. 495
10.3.27　nettxlat ............................................................................................. 498
10.3.28　skbdrop ............................................................................................ 500
10.3.29　skblife .............................................................................................. 503
10.3.30　ieee80211scan .................................................................................505
10.3.31　其他工具 ......................................................................................... 507
10.4　BPF單行程序 ................................................................................................. 507
10.4.1　BCC ................................................................................................... 507
10.4.2　bpftrace ............................................................................................. 508
10.4.3　BPF 單行程序示范 ..........................................................................510
10.5　可選練習(xí) ........................................................................................................ 513
10.6　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 515
第11章　安全..............................................................................................................516
11.1　背景知識(shí) ........................................................................................................ 516
11.1.1　BPF 的分析能力 ............................................................................... 517
11.1.2　無(wú)特權(quán) BPF 用戶 .............................................................................. 521
11.1.3　配置 BPF 安全策略 .......................................................................... 521
11.1.4　分析策略 ........................................................................................... 523
11.2　BPF工具 ......................................................................................................... 523
11.2.1　execsnoop .......................................................................................... 524
11.2.2　elfsnoop ............................................................................................. 524
11.2.3　modsnoop .......................................................................................... 526
11.2.4　bashreadline....................................................................................... 527
11.2.5　shellsnoop .......................................................................................... 528
11.2.6　ttysnoop ............................................................................................. 530
11.2.7　opensnoop ......................................................................................... 532
11.2.8　eperm ................................................................................................. 532
11.2.9　tcpconnect 和 tcpaccept .................................................................... 534
11.2.10　tcpreset ............................................................................................ 534
11.2.11　capable ............................................................................................. 536
11.2.12　setuids .............................................................................................. 540
11.3　BPF單行程序 ................................................................................................. 542
11.3.1　BCC ................................................................................................... 542
11.3.2　bpftrace ..............................................................................................543
11.3.3　BPF 單行程序示范 ........................................................................... 543
11.4　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 544
第12章　編程語(yǔ)言.......................................................................................................545
12.1　背景知識(shí) ........................................................................................................ 545
12.1.1　編譯型語(yǔ)言 ....................................................................................... 546
12.1.2　即時(shí)編譯型語(yǔ)言 ............................................................................... 547
12.1.3　解釋型語(yǔ)言 ....................................................................................... 548
12.1.4　BPF 的分析能力 ..............................................................................549
12.1.5　分析策略 ........................................................................................... 550
12.1.6　BPF 工具 ..........................................................................................550
12.2　C ..................................................................................................................... 551
12.2.1　C 函數(shù)符號(hào) ....................................................................................... 552
12.2.2　C 調(diào)用棧 ........................................................................................... 555
12.2.3　C 函數(shù)跟蹤 ....................................................................................... 557
12.2.4　C 函數(shù)偏移量跟蹤 ........................................................................... 558
12.2.5　C USDT ............................................................................................. 558
12.2.6　C 單行程序 ....................................................................................... 559
12.3　Java ................................................................................................................. 560
12.3.1　跟蹤 libjvm ....................................................................................... 561
12.3.2　jnistacks ............................................................................................. 563
12.3.3　Java 線程名字 .................................................................................. 565
12.3.4　Java 方法的符號(hào) .............................................................................. 566
12.3.5　Java 調(diào)用棧 ...................................................................................... 569
12.3.6　Java USDT 探針 ............................................................................... 573
12.3.7　profile ................................................................................................ 579
12.3.8　offcputime ......................................................................................... 583
12.3.9　stackcount ......................................................................................... 589
12.3.10　javastat ............................................................................................ 593
12.3.11　javathreads....................................................................................... 594
12.3.12　javacalls ........................................................................................... 596
12.3.13　javaflow ........................................................................................... 597
12.3.14　javagc .............................................................................................. 599
12.3.15　javaobjnew ...................................................................................... 599
12.3.16　Java 單行程序 ................................................................................ 600
12.4　bash shell ........................................................................................................ 601
12.4.1　函數(shù)計(jì)數(shù) ........................................................................................... 603
12.4.2　函數(shù)參數(shù)跟蹤（bashfunc.bt） .......................................................... 604
12.4.3　函數(shù)執(zhí)行時(shí)長(zhǎng)（bashfunclat.bt） ...................................................... 607
12.4.4　/bin/bash ............................................................................................ 609
12.4.5　/bin/bash USDT ................................................................................. 613
12.4.6　bash 單行程序 .................................................................................. 613
12.5　其他語(yǔ)言 ........................................................................................................ 614
12.5.1　JavaScript（Node.js） ........................................................................ 614
12.5.2　C++ ................................................................................................... 616
12.5.3　Golang ............................................................................................... 616
12.6　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 619
第13章　應(yīng)用程序.......................................................................................................620
13.1　背景知識(shí) ........................................................................................................ 621
13.1.1　應(yīng)用程序基礎(chǔ)信息 ........................................................................... 621
13.1.2　應(yīng)用程序示例 ：MySQL 服務(wù)器 ....................................................622
13.1.3　BPF 的能力 ......................................................................................623
13.1.4　分析策略 ........................................................................................... 624
13.2　BPF工具 ......................................................................................................... 625
13.2.1　execsnoop .......................................................................................... 626
13.2.2　threadsnoop ....................................................................................... 626
13.2.3　profile ................................................................................................ 629
13.2.4　threaded ............................................................................................. 632
13.2.5　offcputime ......................................................................................... 634
13.2.6　offcpuhist .......................................................................................... 638
13.2.7　syscount ............................................................................................. 641
13.2.8　ioprofile ............................................................................................. 642
13.2.9　libc 幀指針 ........................................................................................ 644
13.2.10　mysqld_qslower .............................................................................. 645
13.2.11　mysqld_clat ..................................................................................... 648
13.2.12　signals ............................................................................................. 652
13.2.13　killsnoop .......................................................................................... 654
13.2.14　pmlock 和 pmheld ........................................................................... 655
13.2.15　naptime ............................................................................................ 660
13.2.16　其他工具 ......................................................................................... 662
13.3　BPF單行程序 ................................................................................................. 662
13.3.1　BCC ................................................................................................... 662
13.3.2　bpftrace ............................................................................................. 663
13.4　BPF單行程序示范 ......................................................................................... 664
13.5　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 664
第14章　內(nèi)核..............................................................................................................665
14.1　背景知識(shí) ........................................................................................................ 666
14.1.1　內(nèi)核基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) ................................................................................... 666
14.1.2　BPF 的分析能力 ..............................................................................668
14.2　分析策略 ........................................................................................................ 669
14.3　傳統(tǒng)工具 ........................................................................................................ 670
14.3.1　Ftrace ................................................................................................. 670
14.3.2　perf sched .......................................................................................... 673
14.3.3　slabtop ............................................................................................... 674
14.3.4　其他工具 ........................................................................................... 675
14.4　BPF工具 ......................................................................................................... 675
14.4.1　loads .................................................................................................. 676
14.4.2　offcputime ......................................................................................... 677
14.4.3　wakeuptime .......................................................................................679
14.4.4　offwaketime ...................................................................................... 681
14.4.5　mlock 和 mheld ................................................................................. 683
14.4.6　自旋鎖 ............................................................................................... 687
14.4.7　kmem ................................................................................................. 688
14.4.8　kpages ............................................................................................... 689
14.4.9　memleak ............................................................................................690
14.4.10　slabratetop ....................................................................................... 691
14.4.11　numamove ....................................................................................... 692
14.4.12　workq .............................................................................................. 694
14.4.13　小任務(wù) ............................................................................................. 695
14.4.14　其他工具 ......................................................................................... 696
14.5　BPF單行程序 ................................................................................................. 697
14.5.1　BCC ................................................................................................... 697
14.5.2　bpftrace ............................................................................................. 698
14.6　BPF單行程序示范 ......................................................................................... 699
14.6.1　按系統(tǒng)調(diào)用函數(shù)對(duì)系統(tǒng)調(diào)用進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù) ........................................... 699
14.6.2　對(duì)內(nèi)核函數(shù)開(kāi)始的 hrtimer 進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù) ............................................. 699
14.7　挑戰(zhàn) ................................................................................................................ 700
14.8　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 700
第15章　容器..............................................................................................................701
15.1　背景知識(shí) ........................................................................................................ 701
15.1.1　BPF 的分析能力 ..............................................................................703
15.1.2　挑戰(zhàn) ................................................................................................... 703
15.1.3　分析策略 ........................................................................................... 706
15.2　傳統(tǒng)工具 ........................................................................................................ 706
15.2.1　從主機(jī)上分析 ................................................................................... 706
15.2.2　在容器內(nèi)分析 ................................................................................... 707
15.2.3　systemd-cgtop ................................................................................... 707
15.2.4　kubectl top ......................................................................................... 708
15.2.5　docker stats ........................................................................................ 708
15.2.6　/sys/fs/cgroups ................................................................................... 709
15.2.7　perf .................................................................................................... 709
15.3　BPF工具 ......................................................................................................... 710
15.3.1　runqlat ............................................................................................... 710
15.3.2　pidnss ................................................................................................ 711
15.3.3　blkthrot .............................................................................................. 714
15.3.4　overlayfs ............................................................................................ 715
15.4　BPF單行程序 ................................................................................................. 717
15.5　可選練習(xí) ........................................................................................................ 717
15.6　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 718
第16章　虛擬機(jī)管理器................................................................................................719
16.1　背景知識(shí) ........................................................................................................ 719
16.1.1　BPF 的分析能力 ..............................................................................721
16.1.2　建議的分析策略 ............................................................................... 722
16.2　傳統(tǒng)工具 ........................................................................................................ 722
16.3　訪客系統(tǒng)的BPF工具 ..................................................................................... 723
16.3.1　Xen 超級(jí)調(diào)用 ................................................................................... 723
16.3.2　xenhyper ............................................................................................ 727
16.3.3　Xen 回調(diào) ........................................................................................... 729
16.3.4　cpustolen ........................................................................................... 731
16.3.5　HVM 退出跟蹤 ................................................................................ 732
16.4　宿主機(jī)BPF工具 ............................................................................................. 732
16.4.1　kvmexits ............................................................................................ 733
16.4.2　未來(lái)的工作 ....................................................................................... 737
16.5　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 737
第17章　其他BPF性能工具.........................................................................................738
17.1　Vector和Performance Co-Pilot（PCP） ....................................................... 738
17.1.1　可視化 ............................................................................................... 739
17.1.2　可視化 ：熱圖 ................................................................................... 740
17.1.3　可視化 ：表格形式的數(shù)據(jù) ............................................................... 742
17.1.4　BCC 提供的指標(biāo) ..............................................................................743
17.1.5　內(nèi)部實(shí)現(xiàn) ........................................................................................... 743
17.1.6　安裝 PCP 和 Vector ..........................................................................744
17.1.7　連接并顯示數(shù)據(jù) ............................................................................... 744
17.1.8　配置 BCC PMDA ............................................................................. 746
17.1.9　改進(jìn)工作 ........................................................................................... 747
17.1.10　進(jìn)一步閱讀 ..................................................................................... 747
17.2　Grafana和Performance Co-Pilot .................................................................... 747
17.2.1　安裝和配置 ....................................................................................... 748
17.2.2　連接并查看數(shù)據(jù) ............................................................................... 748
17.2.3　改進(jìn)工作 ........................................................................................... 750
17.2.4　進(jìn)一步閱讀 ....................................................................................... 750
17.3　Cloudflare eBPF Prometheus Exporter（配合Grafana） ............................. 750
17.3.1　構(gòu)建并運(yùn)行 ebpf 導(dǎo)出器 ................................................................. 750
17.3.2　配置 Prometheus 監(jiān)控 ebpf_exporter 實(shí)例 ..................................... 751
17.3.3　在 Grafana 中設(shè)置一個(gè)查詢 ............................................................ 751
17.3.4　進(jìn)一步閱讀 ....................................................................................... 751
17.4　kubectl-trace ................................................................................................... 752
17.4.1　跟蹤節(jié)點(diǎn) ........................................................................................... 752
17.4.2　跟蹤 pod 和容器 ............................................................................... 753
17.4.3　進(jìn)一步閱讀 ....................................................................................... 755
17.5　其他工具 ........................................................................................................ 755
17.6　小結(jié) ................................................................................................................ 755
第18章　建議、技巧和常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題. .................................................................................756
18.1　典型事件的頻率和額外開(kāi)銷 ........................................................................ 756
18.1.1　頻率 ................................................................................................... 757
18.1.2　執(zhí)行的操作 ....................................................................................... 758
18.1.3　自行測(cè)試 ........................................................................................... 760
18.2　以49Hz或99Hz為采樣頻率 .......................................................................... 760
18.3　黃豬和灰鼠 .................................................................................................... 760
18.4　開(kāi)發(fā)目標(biāo)軟件 ................................................................................................ 762
18.5　學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng)調(diào)用 ................................................................................................ 763
18.6　保持簡(jiǎn)單 ........................................................................................................ 764
18.7　事件缺失 ........................................................................................................ 764
18.8　調(diào)用棧缺失 .................................................................................................... 766
18.8.1　如何修復(fù)損壞的調(diào)用棧 ................................................................... 767
18.9　打印時(shí)符號(hào)缺失（函數(shù)名稱） .................................................................... 767
18.9.1　如何修復(fù)符號(hào)缺失 ：JIT 運(yùn)行時(shí)（Java、Node.js、...） ................ 768
18.9.2　如何修復(fù)符號(hào)缺失 ：ELF 二進(jìn)制文件（C、C++、...） ................ 768
18.10　跟蹤時(shí)函數(shù)缺失 .......................................................................................... 768
18.11　反饋回路 ...................................................................................................... 769
18.12　被丟掉的事件 .............................................................................................. 769
附錄A　bpftrace單行程序............................................................................................770
附錄B　bpftrace備忘單...............................................................................................775
附錄C　BCC工具的開(kāi)發(fā).............................................................................................778
附錄D　C.BPF. ............................................................................................................793
附錄E　BPF指令.........................................................................................................812