Phonetic/Phonological Values of Symbols Appearing in the Text xxi

1 The Variation Puzzle，
1 Lin uistic Variation without Social Weighting
2 High Levels of Socially Neutral Linguistic Variationin Three SocioeconomYically Undifferentiated Minority-Language Enclaves
3 Exposure to Standard-Language or Mainstream Normsand Deviations from Those NOfms in English and in Gaelic
3．1 English and Its Dialect Forms
3．2 Vernacular Gaelic and Formal Gaelic
3．3 Local Speech Features in the East Sutherland Fisherfolk Context
4 Initial Encounters with Variability
4．1 Encountering the Language
4．2 Encountefing Intra Community Variation
4．3 Age-Related Variation
4．3．1 Establishing an Age-and-ProficiencyContinuum
5 Inter-Speaker and Intra-SpeakerVariation in the Gaelic-Speaking Communities
5．1 Examples of Inter-and Intra-Speaker Differences in the Use ofTwo Variables
5．2 The Evidence of Dialect Geography
5．3 The Possible Effect of Gender
5．4 The Possible Effect of Style
5．5 The Possible Effect of Kinship or of Household Membership
5．6 The Prevalence of ldiosyncratic， Socially Neutral Variation
6 Coming to Grips with the Variation Puzzle
6．1 The Inadequacy of Obsolescence as an Explanation for ldiosyncratic Variation
7 Researcher Responses to Seemingly ldiosyncratic Variation among Speakers
7．1 Residual Prescriptivism
7．2 Data Control via Source Selection
7．3 Search for an Assumed Uniformity
7．4 Concentration on the Group Ratherthan the Individual
7．5 Expectation of Linguistic Focusing within Small， Tight-Knit， Highly Interactive Communities
7．6 Expectation of Linguistic Accommodation to Other Speakers
7．7 Expectation of Linkage between Variationand Social Differentiation
7．8 Researcher Responses： Summary
8 Variation within and across．Village Boundaries
8．1 Local Responses toVariation： Inter-Village Variation
8．2 Local Responses toVariation：Intra-Village Variation
8．3 Fisherfolk Populations Unitedand Divided by Gaelic
9 Plan of the Remainder of the Book
2 The East Sutherland Fishing Communities
1 Introduction： Fishing as a Subsistence Mode
2 Creation of the East Sutherland Fishing Communities：The \"lmprovement\" Era
2．1 The Highland Clearancesin the East Sutherland Context
3 Fishing as a Way of Life in East Sutherland
3．1 The Local Fishery： Line Fishing
3．2 The National Fishery： Herring Fishing
3 Dimensions of Linguistic Variation in a Socioeconomically Homogeneous Population
4 A General Introduction to Speakers and'Variables
5 A Close Look at Some Embo Variablesand Their Use
6 Kin Groups， Peer Groups， and Variation
7 Speech Norms，Accommodation， and Speaking Well in Gaelic Embo
8 Socially Neutral Linguistic Variation： Where， Why，What for， and How?
9 Conclusion
Notes
References
Index