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本書介紹了應急救援者在各類情況下面臨的職業(yè)安全與健康風險，指導建立職業(yè)安全與健康體系，提供良好的操作指南和管理程序，有效減少應急救援人員的職業(yè)接觸、傷害、疾病和死亡，減少應急救援人員的壓力和恐懼，促進應急救援人員的健康和福祉。

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目錄譯者前言引言本指南宗旨第1章應急期間的職業(yè)安全與健康：管理要素1 1.1 解決職業(yè)性有害因素和風險的管理體系 1 1.2 疾病暴發(fā)和應急期間用人單位與勞動者的權利、職責和責任 3 1.3 采用健康與安全監(jiān)護和監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)應對西非埃博拉病毒病的述評 6 1.4 應急響應者的健康監(jiān)測和監(jiān)護 9 第2章應急和疾病暴發(fā)過程中的職業(yè)安全與健康防護策略及工具 12 2.1 《國際衛(wèi)生條例》（2005） 12 2.2 疾病暴發(fā)和應急的事故指揮系統(tǒng) 13 2.3 衛(wèi)生應急規(guī)劃 16 2.4 職業(yè)安全與健康控制措施 18 2.5 預防和控制傳染病的策略 19 2.5.1 標準防范 19 2.5.2 在醫(yī)療機構中預防職業(yè)性呼吸道感染 27 第3章應急情況下常見的安全與健康風險 29 3.1 病媒傳播疾病 29 3.2 水源性和食源性疾病 30 3.3 疫苗可預防疾病 31 3.4 熱應激 31 3.5 滑倒、絆倒和跌倒 32 3.6 道路交通傷害 34 3.7 工效學有害因素 35 3.8 暴力 36 3.9 疲勞 37 3.10 疫情暴發(fā)和應急期間的社會心理壓力 39 第4章傳染病暴發(fā)時的職業(yè)安全與健康：臨床和社區(qū)環(huán)境 44 4.1 埃博拉病毒病治療和護理機構中的職業(yè)安全與健康 45 4.2 霍亂治療機構的職業(yè)安全與健康 46 4.3 處理傳染性病原體實驗室的職業(yè)安全與健康管理 47 4.4 在醫(yī)療照護機構中接觸血液、體液和其他污染物的管理 47 4.5 呼吸道疾病暴發(fā)期間醫(yī)護人員對急性呼吸疾病的職業(yè)安全與健康保護 50 4.6 疾病暴發(fā)應對過程中的社區(qū)環(huán)境職業(yè)安全與健康 51 4.6.1 社區(qū)工作（如社會動員、接觸者追蹤、個案調查） 51 4.6.2 用于接送患者或搬運遺體的救護車和其他車輛 52 4.6.3 尸檢 52 4.6.4 安全并有尊嚴的埋葬 53 4.6.5 出入境口岸、陸路口岸、機場和海港 54 4.6.6 飛機 55 4.6.7 船舶 56 4.6.8 出租車和公共交通工具 57 4.6.9 廢水處理工 58 4.6.10 噴灑殺蟲劑以控制病媒 59 第5章化學事故中的職業(yè)安全與健康 61 5.1 對化學事故的應急 61 5.2 化學品的職業(yè)安全與健康危害及風險 61 5.3 化學事故期間應急響應者的職業(yè)安全與健康管理 63 5.3.1 化學品應急狀況管理的事故指揮系統(tǒng) 63 5.3.2 個人防護用品 65 5.3.3 應急響應者的去污 66 5.3.4 應急響應者的醫(yī)學監(jiān)護 68 第6章放射性事故中的職業(yè)安全與健康 69 6.1 放射性事故的起因和構想 69 6.2 放射性應急期間應急響應者的職業(yè)安全與健康管理 70 6.2.1 放射性應急期間應急響應者的保護指南 71 6.2.2 放射性事故應急管理指揮系統(tǒng) 72 6.2.3 個人防護用品 74 6.2.4 去污 74 6.2.5 應急情況下職業(yè)接觸放射性救援者的職業(yè)健康監(jiān)護 75 第7章自然災害中的職業(yè)安全與健康危害因素 77 7.1 洪水導致的職業(yè)安全與健康危害及風險 78 7.2 熱帶風暴、颶風、龍卷風和臺風 79 7.3 地震 79 7.4 自然災害應對過程中遭受的常見職業(yè)安全與健康危害 80 7.4.1 搜索和救援隊行動 80 7.4.2 與機械鋸使用相關的危害和風險及其控制措施 83 7.4.3 戶外工作因昆蟲等叮咬和直接接觸有毒植物引起的危害 83 第8章在沖突局勢下人道主義應援期間醫(yī)務人員的安全與健康管理 85 8.1 沖突和應援期間醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構的職業(yè)安全與健康管理 85 8.1.1 醫(yī)療機構的安全措施 86 8.1.2 保護醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機構中勞動者的措施 86 8.1.3 沖突期間的壓力管理 87 參考文獻 89 附錄工具箱 93 Contents Introduction Purpose of the manual Chapter 1 Occupational safety and health during emergencies: management aspects 1 1.1 Management system approach to occupational safety and health hazards and risks 1 1.2 Rights, duties and responsibilities of employers and workers during outbreaks and emergencies 3 1.3 Overview of health and safety surveillance and monitoring system implemented during the Ebola virus disease response in West Africa 6 1.4 Emergency Responders Health Monitoring and Surveillance 9 Chapter 2 Strategies and tools for protecting occupational safety and health in emergencies and outbreaks 12 2.1 International Health Regulations, 2005 12 2.2 Incident Command System for managing outbreaks and emergencies 13 2.3 The World Health Organization Health Emergencies programme 16 2.4 Occupational safety and health controls 18 2.5 Strategies for infection prevention and control 19 2.5.1 Standard precautions 19 2.5.2 Prevention of occupational respiratory infections in health-care settings 27 Chapter 3 Common risks for safety and health in emergencies 29 3.1 Vector-borne diseases 29 3.2 Water and foodborne diseases 30 3.3 Vaccine-preventable diseases 31 3.4 Heat stress 31 3.5 Slips, trips and falls 32 3.6 Road traffic injuries 34 3.7 Ergonomic hazards 35 3.8 Violence 36 3.9 Fatigue 37 3.10 Psychosocial stress during outbreaks and emergencies 39 Chapter 4 Occupational safety and health in outbreaks of communicable diseases: clinical and community settings 44 4.1 Occupational safety and health in Ebola treatment and care units 45 4.2 Occupational safety and health in the cholera treatment unit 46 4.3 Managing occupational safety and health in laboratories handling infectious agents 47 4.4 Management of exposure to blood, body fluids and other contaminants in health-care settings 47 4.5 Occupational safety and health protection of health workers from acute respiratory diseases during respiratory disease outbreaks 50 4.6 Occupational safety and health in outbreak response in community settings 51 4.6.1 Community work (e.g. social mobilization, contact-tracing, case-finding) 51 4.6.2 Ambulances and vehicles for patients or dead bodies 52 4.6.3 Post-mortem examinations 52 4.6.4 Safe and dignified burials 53 4.6.5 Points of entry and exit, land crossings, airports and sea ports 54 4.6.6 Aircraft 55 4.6.7 Ships 56 4.6.8 Taxis and public transport 57 4.6.9 Waste-water workers 58 4.6.10 Insecticidal spraying for vector control activities 59 Chapter 5 Occupational safety and health in chemical incidents 61 5.1 Emergencies caused by chemical incidents 61 5.2 Occupational safety and health hazards and risks of chemicals 61 5.3 Occupational safety and health management of emergency responders during chemical incidents 63 5.3.1 Incident Command System for managing chemical emergencies 63 5.3.2 Personal protective equipment 65 5.3.3 Decontamination of emergency response personnel 66 5.3.4 Medical surveillance of emergency responders 68 Chapter 6 Occupational safety and health in radiation incidents 69 6.1 Sources and scenarios of radiation incidents 69 6.2 Occupational safety and health management of emergency responders during radiation emergencies 70 6.2.1 Guidance for protection of emergency responders during radiation emergencies 71 6.2.2 Incident Command System for managing radiation emergencies 72 6.2.3 Personal protective equipment 74 6.2.4 Decontamination 74 6.2.5 Occupational health surveillance of persons occupationally exposed to radiation in emergencies 75 Chapter 7 Occupational safety and health hazards in natural disasters 77 7.1 Occupational safety and health hazards and risks due to floods 78 7.2 Tropical storms, hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons 79 7.3 Earthquakes 79 7.4 Common occupational safety and health hazards encountered during response activities following natural disasters 80 7.4.1 Search and rescue team operations 80 7.4.2 Hazards and risks associated with the use of chainsaws and their control 83 7.4.3 Hazards due to animal/insect bites and contact with poisonous plants during outdoor work 83 Chapter 8 Managing the health and safety of health workers during humanitarian response in conflict situations 85 8.1 Management of occupational safety and health in health facilities during conflicts and emergencies 85 8.1.1 Measures for the safety of health facilities 86 8.1.2 Measures for protection of people working in health facilities 86 8.1.3 Management of stress during conflicts 87 References 89 Appendix Toolkit 93

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