Chapter 1
　　什么樣的文章才算好文章
　　Part 1寫作指導
　　隨著課程改革的逐步深入，廣大英語教師和學生對英語學習的有效性，英語的實用性越來越關注。一直以來，英語學習的目的就在于英語的運用，而英語的運用體現(xiàn)在聽、說、讀、寫四個方面。其中“寫”又是較高層次的要求，它著重于學生的書面語言表達能力。然而，目前初中英語教學對書面表達的要求相對滯后，學生的寫作水平提高甚微，學生很難正確地用英語來表達自己的想法，因而慢慢地就形成了“聽到寫作學生心煩，見到習作教師不悅”的現(xiàn)象。究其原因是多方面的。一方面，學生在寫作時因為對英語句型不熟悉而出現(xiàn)易受漢語思維定式影響的錯誤，或由于詞匯貧乏、單詞搭配不當和語法不通而造成的錯誤，以及在表達時欠缺邏輯條理性、審題不清、選材隨意而造成的內容空洞貧乏，不知所云等錯誤。另一方面，教師對寫作教學重視不夠，同時缺乏科學和系統(tǒng)的教學方法，從而使學生因為沒有有效的指導而在寫作中出現(xiàn)各種問題。
　　此外，英語寫作中的語法問題一直是最困擾學生的一大難題。其原因是學生不了解英語單句正確的表達方式。具體表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面： 主謂不一致、時態(tài)不一致、詞類使用不當、拼寫大小寫及標點使用錯誤等。
　　我們應該了解到，每篇作文都有相應的情景和要求，在寫作時，我們應當寫出全部的情景和所要求的內容，情景的遺漏將直接導致內容的不完整。同時我們應該注意到，一句中文句子通過不同單詞和句型的運用可以有很多種不同的英語表達方式。如果遇到幾種表達法時我們最好選用自己最有把握的表達方式，只有在充分把握的情況下才宜運用復雜的語法結構。
　　Part 2范文點評
　　要寫出一篇優(yōu)秀的英語作文，首先要明白怎樣的作文才是優(yōu)秀作文， 通常而言，一篇優(yōu)秀作文應達到以下幾個方面的標準：
　　內容： 內容切題、充實，不寫廢話；意思連貫，表達清楚、準確、完整。
　　語言： 語言正確，用語規(guī)范地道，無語法錯誤。
　　結構： 詞匯和句型句式運用恰當自如，文中有值得借鑒的好詞好句。
　　而對于學生而言，在日常的英語寫作中如果遇到命題作文，可以按以下幾個步驟著手來寫：
　　* 審題： 要認真看清題目的內容和要求，明白自己要表述的中心內容，最快的方法是在題目中找到關鍵詞。
　　* 定位： 根據(jù)自己已有的經(jīng)驗和詞匯量，選擇自己最熟悉、最有把握的方面入手，最好先在腦海中羅列出文章的主要結構。
　　* 行文： 在寫作過程中要緊緊圍繞中心內容，務必做到結構完整，要點齊全，語言規(guī)范，行文連貫流暢。
　　* 潤色： 任何一篇優(yōu)秀作文都少不了這個環(huán)節(jié)，潤色是在基本結構和內容確立之后，進行一個內部裝飾，看看能不能在正確的位置加入從句、被動語態(tài)、諺語或者名人名言等，使文章錦上添花。
　　* 復查： 在通篇完成之后，這個步驟是不可或缺的，一定要仔細檢查，注意時態(tài)、語態(tài)、標點符號、字母的大小寫和單詞拼寫的準確性。最為重要的是多讀一遍，看看文章的表達是否符合native speaker的習慣。
　　讓我們通過對以下30篇范文的分析講解，來體會怎樣的文章才是好作文。這里要感謝上寶中學2016屆戚新源同學，她為本書提供了不少精彩的習作。
　　范文1
　　My Winter Holiday
　　As the saying goes, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” Students are always looking forward to having a winter holiday. I’m usually fond of doing something relaxing in my holiday, such as doing the puzzles, or reading the books which I have no time to read during weekdays. The thing I hate to do is to sleep because in my opinion, having too much sleep equals wasting time. These days, I’m planning to have a trip in the coming winter holiday. It’s so exciting to go out that I can’t fall asleep at night now.
　　分析：
　　本文內容完整，通篇緊扣主題my winter holiday,同時內容上沒有重復，每句都帶有不同的信息。該學生同時從正反兩方面進行論述，較為新穎。
　　從語法角度分析，該篇文章中運用了不同的句型，包括有定語從句reading the books which I have no time to read during weekdays， the thing I hate to do；原因狀語從句The thing I hate to do is to sleep because in my opinion, having too much sleep equals wasting time等。該學生對于非謂語的掌握和運用也非常到位，比如： The thing I hate to do is to sleep. Students are always looking forward to having a winter holiday.也能注意主謂一致。同時該學生也在文章中
　　運用不同的單詞，短語及句型如： be looking forward to doing, such as, be fond of, have no time to do, plan to do, in the coming winter holiday， fall asleep，等等。此外文章的過渡詞如果除了in my opinion外再能豐富一些的話，那么文章的銜接將更自然，層次感就會更加明顯。諺語“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”也用得非常得體�？偠�言之，這是一篇Ａ類范文。
　　范文2
　　I Want to Do Something for the Poor Children
　　As we all know, everyone has his own things he would like to do, and I want to do something for the poor children because their life is far poorer than we thought. The most important thing is that they quit school as they don’t have money. They must do housework instead of reading books, and they even don’t have meat to eat. So I’m going to give some of my books to the children who are not able to go to school.
　　It’s not a very big thing to me, but it’s really very important to them. As the proverb goes, “It is more blessed to give than to receive.”
　　分析：
　　本文內容緊扣主題I want to do something for the poor children, 文章開門見山，意思表達明確，條理清晰，層次分明，逐步遞進。同時文章內容充實，幾乎沒有重復。
　　從語法角度分析，該篇文章中從句的運用非常廣泛。有定語從句everyone has his own things he would like to do，the children who are not able to go to school。同時也有as, because 引導的兩句原因狀語從句以及表語從句the most important thing is that they quit school等。除了句式有變化之外，該學生在文章中還運用了大量的詞組，開頭過渡結尾自然。諺語“It is more blessed to give than to receive.”起到畫龍點睛的作用。這也是一篇A類文章。
　　范文3
　　Don’t Waste Time
　　As the proverb goes, “Time and tide waits for no man.” Time is quite valuable. If we waste it, it will never come back. Not long ago， thousands of people were badly injured in an earthquake. Doctors didn’t waste a minute saving people’s lives. Though they were busy, they knew that nothing is more important than time. At school， we can’t waste time, either. We must be responsible for our school work and we should make full use of our time. Anyway, time is limited. We shouldn’t waste time.
　　分析：
　　文章開門見山點題說明時間的重要性和珍貴。諺語“Time and tide waits for no man.”用得非常恰當。然后通過舉例說明，例子貼近學生生活，結合時事是一個亮點。同時文章過渡自然，內容豐富，少見重復。
　　從語法角度分析，該文章運用了if條件狀語從句，though讓步狀語從句等，句式有變化。在單詞詞組的運用上使用了很多短語，如： be responsible for, save people’s lives, come back, not long ago, be badly injured，等等。結尾和開頭也略有不同，變化自然有新意。這也可以算是一篇A類文章。
　　范文4
　　Keep the Balance of Nature
　　It’s known to all that nature is essential to our life. But the problem is that we are breaking the balance of nature now! There are massive mountains of rubbish almost everywhere. We are using harmful products that cause the greenhouse effect. What should we do to stop pollution? We should stop using things that are harmful to our environment. We shouldn’t throw rubbish anywhere. And we should save water at any time. All in all, we should try our best to keep the balance of nature.
　　分析：
　　文章寫作手法非常老練，句式運用靈活，內容緊扣主題，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，層層遞進，圍繞keep the balance of nature給出了很多有意義的建議，不同于僅只喊口號而無實質內容的空洞文章。結尾部分的總結句既精煉又點題，行文流暢。
　　從語法角度分析，各種從句的使用遍布全文，有表語從句the problem is that we are breaking the balance of nature now，定語從句products that cause the greenhouse effect， stop using things that are harmful to our environment。靈活運用詞組于整篇文章，恰當合理，增加了文章的色彩。這是一篇不容置疑的A類文章。
　　范文5
　　When I First Had My Success
　　When I was ten years old, I won a prize at a math contest. It was my first success. Before the contest, my teacher told me to get ready for the contest, so I did a lot of exercises. I often asked my teacher questions, and she always helped me patiently. Luckily, I won the first prize. I felt very excited and happy. My teacher praised me. She said that I could win the prize because of my hard work. So I learn that if you want to be successful, you must be hardworking. As the proverb goes, “Practice makes perfect.”
　　分析：
　　文章主要敘述了過去發(fā)生的一件事情，意思連貫，表達完整清楚。在文章的末尾該學生還談到了自己通過這個生活中的小插曲得到的感悟，讓文章在末尾處有一個比較大的亮點。諺語“Practice makes perfect.”用得也很得體。
　　從語法角度分析，該學生準確地運用了過去時，各種短語的使用使文章不顯單調乏味。同時，該學生對從句的把握和使用也比較好，通篇幾乎不見語法錯誤，是一篇不錯的A類文章。
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